tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11808263413140083342024-02-20T04:16:36.249-08:00Top essay writing websitesjayneryan1999http://www.blogger.com/profile/01135484533079884858noreply@blogger.comBlogger17125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1180826341314008334.post-88949733800221551622020-09-02T22:44:00.001-07:002020-09-02T22:44:06.301-07:00McDonalds Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 wordsMcDonalds Business - Case Study Example With the developing open mindfulness and want for socially dependable organizations, it is huge to take note of that organizations think about getting ready for future socially capable business activity (Kotler and Lee, 2004). An investigation on McDonaldââ¬â¢s social duty assesses a case of corporate social obligation appeared by McDonalds. McDonald is the biggest organization on the planet that bargains in burger food eateries. Regarding McDonaldââ¬â¢s corporate social obligation, the organization is making a move, keeping up receptiveness in correspondence with its clients and investors and accomplishing results. The organization works with its providers in order to advance socially dependable practices or practices in its gracefully chain as an indispensable piece of the companyââ¬â¢s flexibly chain technique. This is a piece of the companyââ¬â¢s social duty. What's more, the organization has structured its own its implicit rules for providers which clarifies how the organization wants or anticipates that its providers should deal with and treat their laborers. The organization has overseen and prevailing with regards to supporting providers who are evacuating sow development boxes in gracefully chain. For example, half of its Cargill contracted hoard ranches are all in new age frameworks that don't have any significant bearing growth slows down to help the more extensive network. Furthermore, McDonalds gives some portion of its pre-charge benefits to corporate cause or altruism as a feature of its procedure to be socially capable. The organization conducts magnanimous commitments by means of the Ronald McDonald Houses Charities which center to make, get and bolster programs that upgrade and improve the prosperity and soundness of kids in the public arena. This body guarantees that kids in helpless networks can get medicine and dental treatment so as to improve their wellbeing and reinforce their particular families. This program plans to change and improve the lives of networks. As a feature of it being socially dependable, McDonalds has detailed a method of drawing in networks in activities through network based ventures. Network based undertakings have become noteworthy part of advancement help among world socially mindful associations. For example, McDonalds propelled the Flagship ranches activity in Europe that planned for utilizing imaginative cultivating strategies and practices across Europe and behaviors research on how moral cultivating practices can be incorporated into business cultivating frameworks. In this way, a financial relationship implies a methodology of including networks into business action of the association so as to ensures that networks are installed in corporate gracefully bind technique to set up a practical business. Contextual analysis 2 McDonalds has got elegantly composed and structured corporate social obligation program that it has very much executed so as to guarantee that networks are i ncorporated in its business and that it profits by its business activity. For example, the McDonald Company conveyed its debut corporate social duty report in which the organization tried to get broad input from partners and network. The organization has remembered a few things for its social mindful program that mean to make it all the more socially dependable. For example, they have actualized program that expect to create reasonable horticulture, business strategies jayneryan1999http://www.blogger.com/profile/01135484533079884858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1180826341314008334.post-73458108761654068752020-08-22T17:17:00.001-07:002020-08-22T17:17:10.999-07:00Case Study of Strategic Management at HondaContextual analysis of Strategic Management at Honda For what reason do you think Honda has picked this procedure? Is this attribute of the organization and industry? Ought to Honda pick one whereupon to center its endeavors or is it significant for Honda to seek after cooperative energies (and protect its alternatives) by creating and advancing various innovations? The Honda is creating ecological cordial auto versatile and keep up worldwide perspective with the faithfulness of flexibly top notch item. Honda methodology has reliably accentuated advancement, ecological neighborliness and freedom. Imaginativeness they are continually captivating with innovative work to create multi-innovation and ecological agreeable cars. Thus from 1946 to 2010 Honda had demonstrated their ability. They are recognized pioneer in the improvement of half breed vehicles and increases defaces showcase usual meaning. A natural inviting car was not another technique for them. Truth be told they deal with creating cleaner transportation choices had started decades sooner. Honda cross breed model are intended for eco-friendliness. It will be supporting to decrease regular plan of action consumption. From 1999 Honda won the various awards from natural gathering. Freedom is different stresses methodology of their business. Honda decide not to team up or authorizing its innovation to other people. They need to keep up their freedoms and basically going performance. How would I break down the purpose behind picking this methodology? The explanation behind picking this methodology is Honda will be supporting to lessen normal plan of action consumption, to get natural cordial. Since Honda has a long track verification of creating natural agreeable and multi innovation vehicle In July 2002, Honda has prevailing with regards to assembling the primary energy component vehicle with pertinent industry principles. It has accepted 51 years starting at 1997, for Honda Corporation to dispatch mixture vehicle Insight ever however Honda was established in 1946. Beginning from creating of motors for bikes, at that point moved in to sports vehicles, foundation of 100 industrial facilities in 33 nations, while keeping up unfalteringly freedom of the organization since 1956 and developed into one of the universes biggest car makers not a simple assignment. I accept the main concern of the story behind this is the technique received by Honda. Despite the fact that the quantities of half breed vehicles sold in 2000 2004 were exceptionally little with numerous impediments, when contrasted and the other conventional cars, I state, the accomplishment in 2002 is for the most part because of the technique embraced by the organization as Honda immovably kept up its autonomy. Ultimate result of the majority of the examination and improvements requires some serious energy. It needs venture from the organization just as the elevated level help from the general business technique of the association which include hazard yet conceivably gainful business openings in opportunity to arrive. Authorizing and joint endeavor procedures are amazing methodologies in like manner in any industry just as rehearsed by Toyota for this situation study. The crossover item create by Toyota likewise has its own focal points and disservices where a similar circumstance material for Honda half and half vehicles. I concur, with the style of Hondas the executives where they have kept the business improvement only in-house with all parts of an innovation, from its qualities to its shortcomings. Notwithstanding that in-house know-how has prompted keep up upper hand which was hard for contenders to mimic. That is the reason Honda has prevailing with regards to assembling the main energy unit vehicle with all pertinent industry guidelines in July 2002. Is this attribute of organization or industry? This is an attribute of both organization and industry, in light of the fact that there is interest for a wide range of vehicle. Honda stepped in to vehicle industry at 1963. However, Honda has rapidly drives the unrivaled of efficiency, that is the quality of industry. Since establishing Honda they are step by step presenting new innovation, there for their development rate is unrivaled, there security and quality show the business trademark. Today the business condition is in exceptionally tempestuous and corporate technique assumes a crucial job in an enhanced firm. So as to make long haul progress of a firm they should set down collected procedures in cost initiative, separation or spotlight on the correct markets through their business system. Those are the reality attributes of an organization just as in the business sectors. Vehicle fabricating industry additionally has its own attributes when thought about different businesses. When gaining new information the organization needs to win hearts and brains of the shoppers as the opposition is in full scale particularly in vehicle markets. In this manner, it is comprehended and affirms the general corporate system of Honda matches with the qualities of an organization just as various markets. In any case Honda will most likely be unable to sell vehicles in US, breeze through all industry acknowledgment assessments. 1.3 How Honda should seek after cooperative energies in the organization? Their speculations fundamental innovative work serves to the organization to stable in the innovation limit and be a first mover when business adaptations of advances are fit to be turned out. Their way of life appears to put monstrous incentive on presenting ecological neighborly vehicles. By creating and advancing various advances they accept eventually are a prevailing auto type. Organization is a relationship of people who are joined for a typical reason. In the vehicle producing part they change crude materials to the completed merchandise for an enormous scope and expected to offer to the wholesalers or retailers where end clients or the shoppers buy products in the wake of propelling. Structure the pieces to the completed item the organization needs to take a shot at a procedure and the general Business technique of an organization ought to be cerate cooperative energy lastly accomplish upper hand overall. Along these lines Honda should know which business they ought to be in the normal markets. Completed merchandise need to experience a wide range of monetary frameworks at a benefit without making misfortunes under different strategies and guidelines embraced by deferent Governments of the separate commercial centers. Consequently organization must have by and large business procedure while looking after cooperative energy. It normally emerges when two people or more than that cooperates. Diverse correlative ability makes cooperative energy which can contribute a great deal in accomplishing upper hand in general in an association. As indicated by the information table given for the situation concentrate on 2005 Honda and Toyota U.S. Crossover Sales it is comprehended various models like Honda Accord, Civic, Insight has a market despite the fact that the marketing projections are less when contrasted and deals in Toyota. I think being a mass vehicle maker like Honda should seek after cooperative energies by creating and advancing various advancements for various objective markets. Does having a solitary natural cordial vehicle standard advantage or harmed customers? Does it advantage or hurt vehicle makers? Normalization of a specific innovation is the way toward tenderizing request into an in any case clamorous framework that sticks to no exacting standards of direct, therefore engaging a lot of opportunity in development and development. As I would like to think, normalizations accomplishes more damage to an innovation still in its early stages than great by carrying request and administration to the space. Each logical investigation and resultant advancements ought to be to serve the humankind and its purchasers, despite the fact that there are endless models repudiating this reality. Yet, with the strength of the commercialization in current world, we can't disregard to remember the effect of normalization of these advancements for this conversation. Having natural cordial Hybrid varied vehicle is advantage just as harmed to shoppers. We can contend as the two different ways. Purchasers are accomplished and all around educated over what they need and what they need. The showcasing focused administration directs that business associations ought to tune in to their clients and satisfy their necessities so as to create higher benefits and continue client value. Since Environment Friendly Motor Cars is a generally new market with less knowledgeable purchasers, it is significant that they are permitted to investigate and make sense of what suits them the best. Current market circumstance is best utilized as a test ground for the new advances and developments. When all the logical tests are performed on another innovation, it ought to be exposed to the trial of omnipresence and acknowledgment of the market. Along these lines I emphatically accept that accessibility of different alternatives is for the best of customers that this point. One standard methods lesser disarray for the customers without a doubt. Be that as it may, it would likewise constrain the potential they can anticipate from their engine vehicles. Accessibility of many friend innovations under testing level simultaneously in the market will ensure that a wasteful innovation would not hoard over an unsaturated and infant showcase. In the point of view of engine vehicle makers, there is an overhead in financing assets on various innovations rather than one norm. In any case, this gives them the adaptability to investigate further into advancements and concoct better and effective creations. They dont need to restrict themselves with measures and hazard being outdated not sticking to a market acknowledged norm. Their speculations may not generally lead to fruitful and attractive innovations. Yet, the information and experience they gain by dealing with different advances is priceless and can be put to use for the improvement of future item improvements also for the development of the business all in all. This will render both immediate and aberrant advantages for vehicle makers as a rule without stalling out on one innovation that could be normalized, yet before long rendered out of date when the following discovery in the business goes along. jayneryan1999http://www.blogger.com/profile/01135484533079884858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1180826341314008334.post-55808151206169018922020-08-21T14:59:00.001-07:002020-08-21T14:59:16.740-07:00Ram Bahadur Bomjon Research Paper Sources Essay ExampleSlam Bahadur Bomjon Research Paper Sources Paper Slam Bahadur Bomjon Ram Bahadur Bomjonà (Sanskrit:à ) (conceived c. 9 April 1990, once in a while speltà Bomjan,à Banjan, orà Bamjan), likewise known asPalden Dorjeâ (his ascetic name) and nowà Dharma Sangha, is from Ratanapuri village,à Bara district,à Nepal. A portion of his supporters have asserted that he is aâ reincarnation of the Buddha, however Ram himself has denied this, and numerous experts of Buddhism concur that theBuddhaà has enteredâ nirvanaâ and can't be reawakened. He drew a large number of guests and media consideration by going through months inâ meditation. Nicknamed theà Buddha Boy, he started his contemplation on 16 May 2005. He apparently vanished from the empty tree where he had beenâ meditatingâ for months on 16 March 2006, however was found by certain devotees seven days after the fact. He revealed to them he had left his reflection place, where enormous groups had been watching him, on the grounds that there is no harmony. He at that point headed out in his own direction and returned somewhere else in Nepal on 26 December 2006, yet left again on 8 March 2007. On 26 March 2007, assessors from the Area Police Post Nijgadh in Ratanapuri discovered Bomjon reflecting inside a dugout like jettison seven feet square. On 10 November 2008, Bomjon returned in Ratanapuri and addressed a gathering of fans in the remote wilderness. Buddhist foundation Bomjon is an individual from theà Tamangà community, of which a lion's share practicesà Vajrayanaà Buddhism. [1] Bomjons story picked up notoriety since it looked like aâ legendâ from theà Jataka Nidanakathaà aboutà Gautama Buddhasâ enlightenment, to such an extent that a few fans guaranteed Ram was theâ reincarnationâ of aà Buddha. In any case, on 8 November 2005 Dorje emerged and stated, Tell the individuals not to consider me a Buddha. I dont have the Buddhas vitality. We will compose a custom article test on Ram Bahadur Bomjon Research Paper Sources explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Ram Bahadur Bomjon Research Paper Sources explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Ram Bahadur Bomjon Research Paper Sources explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer I am at the degree of arimpoche. Rimpoche (valuable gem) is an honorific utilized in Tibetan Buddhism for an educator and proficient. He said that he will require six additional long stretches of reflection before he can turn into a Buddha. As indicated by his adherents, Bomjon may have been or might be aâ bodhisattva,[citation needed]â a individual on the way to accomplishing full edification or Buddhahood to assist every conscious being. As per the chronicled Buddha,à Gautama Buddha, there were endless Buddhas before him and limitless Buddhas to come. Advocates additionally guarantee that Bomjon may likewise beà Maitreyaà Bodhisattva, the anticipated replacement to the chronicled Buddha. Researchers question the cases of his supporters. [2]à Mahiswor Raj Bajracharya, leader of the Nepal Buddhist Council, has stated, We don't accept he is Buddha. He doesn't have Buddhas characteristics. [2] His moms name is Maya Devi Tamang, a similar first name asà Buddhas mother. It is accounted for that his mom blacked out when she discovered that her child planned to reflect for an uncertain period. The case, made by a few, that he is the resurrection of Buddha has been reprimanded. Gautama Buddhaâ taught that afterâ parinirvanaâ there is no more resurrection, making it difficult to be a rebirth of Buddha; however it is conceivable to be another Buddha, another who has accomplished, or will achieve, edification. [edit]Wandering to Bara region After around ten months of reflection, Bomjon disappeared on 11 March 2006. He gave no clarification, and some accepted he had been snatched. His supporters conjectured that he went further into the forested areas to search for a calmer spot to think. [3]à Police deserted a quest for him after the probability of treachery was disposed of. Suspecting tax evasion, the specialists solidified theâ bank accountâ of the nearby advisory group dealing with the groups, which had accumulated more than Rs. 600,000, however they found no proof. [4] On 19 March, a gathering of Bomjons adherents met with him around 2 miles (3 kilometers) southwest of his reflection site. They state they addressed him for thirty minutes, during which Bomjon stated, There is no harmony here, and that he would return in six years, which would be in 2011 or 2012. He left a message for his folks advising them not to stress. [5][6] On 25 December 2006, residents inà Bara districtâ spotted Bomjon ruminating. He was conveying aâ swordâ for assurance in the wilderness, reminding columnists that Even Gautama Buddha needed to secure himself, and professed to have eaten only herbs meanwhile. [7]à He repeated his multi year duty to Buddhist commitment, and said he would permit individuals to come and watch him, as long as they stayed at some separation and didn't trouble him. At the point when a columnist called attention to that explorers to his contemplation site would make gifts in his name, he requested the gifts to not be mishandled or utilized for business purposes. [8]à A new flood of guests came to see him and ask at his new contemplation spot. 9][10]à On 8 March 2007 he left Bara area again to locate a calmer spot to think. [11] [edit]Meditating in pit On 26 March 2007, news spread of Bomjon reflecting underground. Reviewer Rameshwor Yadav of the Area Police Post Nijgadh, discovered Bomjon inside a dugout like jettison seven feet square. His face was perfect and hair was brushed well, Yadav said. As indicated by him, the shelter had been solidified from all sides and fitted with a tiled rooftop. Indra Lama, a neighborhood sent as Bomjons overseer since the start of his concentrated contemplation, said the dugout was readied per Bomjons demand. In the wake of allowing crowd seven days prior, he communicated his longing to contemplate inside the ground; so we constructed it, he said. [12] [edit]Preaching in Hallori wilderness On 2 August 2007, Bomjon tended to a huge group in Hallori wilderness in Bara locale of southern Nepal. The Namo Buddha Tapoban Committee, which is dedicated to taking care of Bomjon, collected the gathering. A notification about the young men first-since forever lecturing was communicated by a localà FM radioâ station, and the board of trustees likewise welcomed individuals byâ telephone. Around 3,000 individuals athered to tune in to Bomjons address. A video was made of the occasion. [13]à According to Upendra Lamichhane, aâ blogg erâ who composed an article and took photos of the gathering, Bomjons message was, The main way we can spare this country is through otherworldliness. [14]à This was his speech:[15] Murder, brutality, avarice, outrage and allurement have made the human world an edgy spot. A horrible tempest has dropped upon the human world, and this is conveying the world towards decimation. There is just a single method to spare the world and that is throughâ dharma. At the point when one doesnt walk the noble way of otherworldly practice, this edgy world will most likely be crushed. In this manner, follow the way of otherworldliness and spread this message to your colleagues. Never put snags, outrage and skepticism in the method for my reflections strategic. I am just demonstrating you the way; you should look for it all alone. What I will be, what I will do, the coming days will uncover. Human salvation, the salvation of every single living being, and harmony on the planet are my objective and my way. Namo Buddha sangaya, Namo Buddha sangaya, namo sangaya. I am thinking about on the arrival of this disorderly world from the expanse of feeling, on our separation from outrage and allurement, without wandering from the way for even a second, I am disavowing my own connection to my life and my home until the end of time. I am attempting to spare every single living being. In any case, in this disorderly world, my lifes practice is decreased to insi gnificant diversion. The training and commitment of numerous Buddhas is aimed at the universes improvement and bliss. It is basic, however exceptionally troublesome, to comprehend that training and dedication. Be that as it may, however it is anything but difficult to lead this uninformed presence, individuals dont comprehend that one day we should leave this questionable world and go with the Lord of Death. Our long connections with loved ones will break up into nothingness. We need to abandon the riches and property we have aggregated. Whats the utilization of my bliss, when the individuals who have cherished me from the earliest starting point, my mom, father, siblings, family members are for the most part miserable? In this way, to protect every single aware being, I must be Buddha-mind, and rise up out of my underground cavern to doâ vajraâ meditation. To do this I need to understand the correct way and information, so don't upset my training. My training segregates me from my body, my spirit and this presence. In this circumstance there will be 72 goddessà Kalis. Various divine beings will be available, alongside the hints of thunder and of tangur, and all the heavenly divine beings and goddesses will be doingâ pujaâ (worship). So until I have communicated something specific, don't come here, and please disclose this to other people. Spread otherworldly information and profound messages all through the world. Spread the message of world harmony to all. Look for an equitable way and intelligence will be yours. Second discourse portion: Prayers of Kunchu Suma â⬠message of harmony for every single living animal and for the otherworldly flourishing of mankind. Welcome to every profound searcher, holy people, religions and all associations. After I was instructed by the soul to spare and elevate mankind and the animals of the world, I have complied with the guarantee to spare the transient world from the expanse of feelings and to liberate the world from the common sins. I have been mulling over resolutely (Dhyana) to free mankind and every single living animal. Every single aware being need to get liberated from common distresses and torments. Be that as it may, by birth, they are not prepared as mankind to look for after otherworldliness and get liberated. They are likewise supplicate jayneryan1999http://www.blogger.com/profile/01135484533079884858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1180826341314008334.post-52477355676783166722020-06-04T18:00:00.001-07:002020-06-04T18:00:05.051-07:00Discordance in the Scenes of Moolight - Literature Essay Samples In Harold Pinters Moonlight, discordant scenes create a state of transition for the characters, who are facing the death of family patriarch Andy. Throughout the play, Pinter sets up scenes which would not fit logically into a linear story. Old friends reappear and converse with Andy, his wife and their two sons. A daughter, stuck at the age of 16, provides commentary from a third area. Sons Fred and Jake deny the fact that their father is dying and ignore their mothers attempts to contact them. Pinter provides these scenes to suggest that death is a process of crossing a line death will be a new horizon for Andy, as Bel (twice) suggests (p. 46) but some lines crossed in the past can never be revisited.The first suggestion of discordance is marked by Marias appearance to Jake and Fred when she describes, in a long speech, her relationships with Bel, Andy and her husband Ralph (p. 15). Although the stage directions suggest that she is speaking directly to Jake and Fred, her words su ggest otherwise. They do not interrupt her as she openly reveals a long-standing great affection for Andy (p. 16). How he danced, she says. One of the great waltzers. An elegance and grace long gone. And he looked you directly in the eye. Unwavering. But I was young in those days (p. 16). Maria, who has had affairs with both Andy and Bel, adds, Your mother was marvelously young and quickening every moment. I I must say particularly when I saw your mother being swirled across the floor by your father I felt buds breaking out all over the place (p. 16-17). At the end of her monologue, Jake and Fred drop out of the scene entirely, and the play cuts again to Andys bedroom. In fact, although Maria is speaking to the young men, there is no indication that they hear her, or are even aware that she has entered the scene. Considering the magnitude of what she is telling them, the sons would ordinarily be expected to react her speech. Yet they ignore her as they continue to pretend that their father is not dying.Ralph, the next visitor to Jake and Fred, is aware that his entrance is equally nonsensical. He, like his wife, also speaks to them in a long tirade, receiving neither interruption nor response. He tells them that their father wasted his life as a thinker, drawing attention to the uncertainties in the play that cannot be clarified by analysis (p 28). He says,What do you think this thinking is pretending to do? Eh? Its pretending to make things clear, you see, its pretending to clarify things. But whats it really doing? Its confusing you, its blinding you, its sending the mind into a spin, its making you dizzy, its making you so dizzy that by the end of the day you dont know whether youre on your arse or your elbow, you dont know whether youre coming or going. (p. 28)Death in Moonlight similarly defies intellectual reasoning. If death is a new horizon, as Bel has suggested, Is [it] endless? Whats the weather like? (p. 46) Andy, the thinker, while dying, is searching for reassurance and certainty as the concepts become more difficult to grasp.A joint appearance of Ralph and Maria at Andys bedside is as equally unreliable as their previous visits to the sons. This time, however, the couple does entertain the reactions of the dying man and his wife but the interaction does not seem to fit into the rest of the play. For instance, Andy tells Bel near the beginning of the play that he bumped into Maria the other day, the day before [he] was stricken and that she invited him to her flat for a slice of plumduff (p. 18). However, when she and Ralph appear at his deathbed, Maria says, Its been ages. We dont live up here anymore, of course (p. 68). Andy, therefore, may be imagining Maria, at one, or both, instances. More likely, however, they appear to be speaking from a gray area between reality and fantasy, appearing suddenly after Andy and Bel have been talking about them; the dying man seems to have conjured them to him by thinking about his affair with Maria, Bels affair with Maria, and his football games with Ralph, the referee. The stage directions are vague about when Maria and Ralph enter and where they are standing. And, when they arrive, Andy denies having a past with them. I was a civil servant. I had no past. I remember no past. Nothing ever happened, he insists (p. 70). He doesnt behave as if he is in the presence of the woman he cant die without (p.38). Maria and Ralphs entrance, therefore, serves as a direct analog to the new and uncertain horizon of death. Andy asks, The big question is, will I cross [the horizon] as I die or after Im dead? (p. 46) As time passes in the play, Andy is crossing boundaries.Bridget too has crossed a boundary and it is unclear from where she is speaking; Andys youngest daughter is cast in shadow both through stage lighting and through her cryptic monologues. In addition, although she is represented as only four years younger than her oldest brother in one scene (a flashback ), she is 12 years younger than he is throughout the rest of the play. Bridget admits, I am hidden. Hidden but free. No one in the world can find me (p. 22). The assumption is that Bridget died at the age of 16. However, she is accessible now to Andy, who is also dying. Andys last words address Bridget. After asking for his dead daughter throughout the play, wondering why she hasnt come to see him (and brought grandchildren that were never born), Andy asks Bel to tell Bridget not to be frightened. Tell Bridget I dont want her to be frightened (p. 76). He does not share the same anger over her absence at his deathbed that he harbors for Fred and Jake. Furthermore, Bridget says that her task is to see that her parents sleep in peace and wake up rested. Because I know that when they look at me they see that I am all they have left of their life (p. 1). Bridget is, in fact, the tie that holds together the members of the family. The brothers dote on their younger sister. Bridget wou ld understand. I was her brother. She understood me. She always understood my feelings, Fred says (p. 53). Jake adds, She understood me too. Bridget, however, is hidden, to her brothers when they need her the most.At the end of the play, Bridget provides a metaphor for the transition from life to death. She describes a house bathed in moonlight. The house, the glade, the lane, were all bathed in moonlight. But the inside of the house was dark and all the windows were dark. I stood there in the moonlight and waited for the moon to go down (p. 80). Bridget, frozen in time, has the first and last word in Moonlight, and she is speaking for Andy, waiting on his deathbed for enlightenment. Andy is not even sure if he is dying; I dont know how [dying] feels. How does it feel? Andy asks Bel (p. 76). He has expressed doubt throughout the play, hypothesizing Personally I dont believe its going to be pitch black for ever because if its pitch black for ever what would have been the point of going through all these enervating charades in the first place? (p. 46) The dying man only wants security, a loophole, that he will meet [him]self coming back (p. 46). Yet before he dies, he is able to reconnect with people in his past and, in a sense, confess before dying. (For instance, he finally tells Ralph that he was certainly no bloody good at being a referee [p. 69]). While waiting for his own life to end (his moon to go down), Andy still has a brief opportunity (the moonlight of his life) to make amends.Alongside scenes in Andys bedroom but never crossing paths Jake and Fred deny their fathers impending death, arguing instead about old friends and confidential meetings. A phone call they exchange with their mother is illogical. Your father is very ill, Bel says to Jake. Chinese laundry? Jake responds (p. 73). The exchange is repeated with Fred until Bel relents. It doesnt matter. It doesnt matter, she says. Do you do dry cleaning? (p. 74) She asks the question twice, a nd both times the sons respond as if they do indeed own a laundry and are not sitting in Freds room, pretending they have not recognized the voice of their own mother.Pinter captures the limitations of the past through Andys relationship with Jake and Fred; he can settle his relationship with Maria and Ralph, but his sons remain at a distance to him, even at the time of his death. The first time Jake refers to Andy, he says, My father weighed it all up carefully the day I was born, referring to his inheritance (p. 9). Fred immediately replies, Oh, your father? Was he the one who was sleeping with your mother? Fred responds to Jakes formality with a mocking statement, which reveals a bitterness toward Andy. They characterize him as a sperm donor, devoid in any emotional connection to them or even their mother. Gratitude came not his way. No did he seek it. Masturbation came not his way. Im sorry I meant approbation came not his way Jake says (p. 10). Oh, didnt it really? Fred says , adding later, The answer is that your father was just a little bit short of a few Krugerrands (p. 10, 14). The sons ridicule Andy in their first appearance on stage and then drop him from their conversation, even as they are approached by Maria and Ralph. Andy is both hurt and infuriated with his sons. Two sons. Absent. Indifferent. Their father dying, he says. They were bastards. Both of them (p. 35). Yet Andy cannot undo the past; it is too late to repair his relationship with his sons.Fred and Jake philosophize on their fathers life and imminent death and they also recognize that Andy will die before they can reconcile the past. Jake eventually tells his brother that what Fred has been saying about Andy is atrociously biased and illegitimate onslaught on the weak and vertiginous. All his life my father has been subjected to hatred and vituperation. He love me. And one day I shall love him (p. 56-7). Jake explodes under the emotional pressure of losing a father he does not lo ve, but a father nonetheless. He and Fred then determine that the full price of that love is death (p. 57). Death is the price of love; the biggest obstacle to love is the possibility of losing that person. Yet when the sons have the opportunity to confront their fathers death, they turn it into a farce. They can understand the past their broken relationship with Andy but they cannot overcome it.In Moonlight, Pinter characterizes death as having a great deal of power. It allows Andy, for instance, to connect to his old love and her husband, a football referee. Yet Andy is restricted in what he can remember about past events, even though Maria, Ralph and Bel insist that they share common memories. He can sense Bridget but he cannot recall that she has already died. Death therefore has a sense of finality in Moonlight; in his journey into the new horizon, Andy can reach back into the past but cannot change what happened. The ultimate loss in this play is for Jake and Fred, however. The sons cannot scale the divide between themselves and Andy; when the father most needs to conquer the past, he is unable to do so. jayneryan1999http://www.blogger.com/profile/01135484533079884858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1180826341314008334.post-8613683895643151542020-05-06T18:42:00.001-07:002020-05-06T18:42:23.765-07:00Punishment, Deterrence, And Rehabilitation Essay - 1140 Words In the United States there are four main goals when it comes to punishment which are retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation (DeJong, 2016, p. 288). The main goals for these punishments are to maintain order over society and to prevent recidivism (DeJong, 2016, p. 288). This ties into the Ecology perspective. By maintaining order over society and preventing recidivism, it ties into all of the issues regarding the Ecology perspective which requires for each issue to address the individual, family, community and society. Maintaining order over society and preventing recidivism strives toward making a safer environment for the individual, family, community and society. There is no universal agreement for making the severity of punishment just or fair (DeJong, 2016, p. 288). When it comes to retribution the person who is getting punished deserves the punishment (DeJong, 2016, p. 289). Retribution refers to when an individual commits a certain crime then that pe rson must receive a punishment proportionate to that crime or suffering that they may have caused towards the victim (DeJong, 2016, p. 289). Regarding deterrence there are two types, general deterrence and specific deterrence (DeJong, 2016, p. 289). General deterrence focuses on the society in general and wants to scare everyone away from committing crimes (DeJong, 2016, p. 289). Specific deterrence focuses on criminals that have already been convicted and wants to prevent them fromShow MoreRelatedDeterrence, Incapacitation, And Rehabilitation : Explain How The Severity Of Punishment Can Potentially Deter Criminal Behavior1164 Words à |à 5 PagesChapter 14 Deterrence, Incapacitation, Retribution, and Rehabilitation: Explain how the severity of punishment, the certainty of punishment, and the promptness of punishment can potentially deter criminal behavior. Is one more important than the other? Why or why not? Severe punishments, such as long stints in prison and the death penalty, are designed to pose as threats or warnings to those who consider committing a crime. It also seems that, theoretically, more severe punishments, such as longerRead MoreThe Integral Role Sentencing Plays in the Criminal Justice Process904 Words à |à 4 Pagesthis holds that the severity of the punishment hold to the severity of the crime. This philosophy is not the same as revenge because retribution is more concerned with the rules of society as a whole, rather than the individualism revenge has had on the victim or victims the offender. Most dictionaries give the meaning of retribution as ââ¬Å"repaymentâ⬠. Public speakers and media hold forth that criminals ââ¬Å"repay their debt to societyâ⬠. Deterrence- Deterrence is a philosophy that is concerned withRead MoreTwo Types of Criminal Deterrence Essay869 Words à |à 4 PagesThere are two different types if deterrence, the first is classified as specific deterrence. The goal of this category of deterrence is to lessen the probability of having a repeat offender. 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If a murderer receives 5 years in prison, the familyRead MoreTheories Of Punishment994 Words à |à 4 PagesConley Final Paper 18 December 2017 Punishment is defined as ââ¬Å"the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offenseâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Punishmentâ⬠). Some prominent theories of punishment include retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and the moral education theory. Although retribution, deterrence, and rehabilitation are all crucial components of punishment justification, independently the theories have weaknesses that avert the moral rationalization of punishment. I believe that Jean Hamptonââ¬â¢s moralRead MorePunishment and Sentencing Paper1278 Words à |à 6 PagesPunishment and Sentencing Paper CJA/224 Garrett LeGrange September 17, 2010 There are many different philosophies that are in use in the court systems when determining what sort of punishment will be imposed on someone who is found guilty of committing a crime. These philosophies are in use in both the adult courts and juvenile courts. The juvenile court system is similar to the adult courts, but there are many differences between the two. Both court systems try and keep crime from happeningRead MorePunishment vs Rehabilitation1661 Words à |à 7 PagesPunishment vs. Rehabilitation Helen Olko October 1, 2012 Abstract The expectations that our society has for the criminal justice systemà is to punish and rehabilitate individuals who commit crime. Punishment and rehabilitation are also two of the four acknowledged objectives of the criminal justice system, with deterrence and incapacitation being the others. In the United States, punishment has always been the primary goal to achieve when dealingRead MoreSection 3a Of The Crimes ( Sentencing Procedure ) Act 19991572 Words à |à 7 Pageslight of the broader philosophies of punishment in order to explain the tensions that are inherent in the business of punishing. Your essay should present an informed argument on which purposes and/or alternative understandings of justice should take precedence over others and why. The purposes of punishment in NSW have been a topic of great debate amongst contemporary society. At the heart of these discussions is two core theories for justifying punishment: the utilitarian theory, which situatesRead MoreThe Debate Over Rehabilitation And Retribution906 Words à |à 4 Pages trial, sentencing, and punishment. There are four punishments: Deterrence, Incapacitation, Rehabilitation, and Retribution. It is in the last two of these many stages that the debate over rehabilitation and retribution is of some significance. The purpose of the Criminal Justice System is to produce justice for all, by sentencing and punishing the accountable and helping them to stop whatever crime they have committed, all while protecting the innocent. Deterrence is an idea that criminalRead MorePunishment Research Paper1317 Words à |à 6 PagesPunishment Research Paper Megan Marie Kayser University of Phoenix June 12, 2011 Patrice Jackson SOC/120 Punishment Research Paper There have been four types of justification for punishment throughout the years of society. From older punishments such as retribution to more modern punishments like societal protection, all have been put in place to protect society and to punish individuals for their deviant acts. To find out which type of justification for punishment is most effective, one jayneryan1999http://www.blogger.com/profile/01135484533079884858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1180826341314008334.post-28581372538777053132020-05-05T23:47:00.001-07:002020-05-05T23:47:03.324-07:00Radio Review Integration of Solar Energy Question: Discuss about the Radio Review for Integration of Solar Energy. Answer: Direct and indirect current are categories of current flow in a circuit. In direct current, the flow of current is only in one direction while in the alternative current, the flow of current changed periodically. The voltage in Alternative current keeps on reversing due to the changing direction of the current. Both currents are applied interchangeably though the direct current is most common in electronics while alternating current is common in buildings. An alternator is used to generate alternative current. The war of currents began in 1880s with two people George Edisons who supported the use of Direct Current and Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla who advocated from alternating current (Kruger, P. 2006, 168). Direct current was used all over in the U.S during the early years of electricity distribution and Edison was willing to do anything to defend his royalties. Incandescent lamps that were used all over the country and motors worked well with direct current. Storage batteries that provided power in cases of interruptions in generator operations directly used the current. Direct current was reliable and economical as generators could be paralleled allowing machines to use less current during light load. Edison had also come up with a meter used to measure the customers consumption and that only worked with direct current. During which no motor worked with the alternative current. By this time, there was all evidence on the advantages of Direct current. Tesla in collaboration with Westinghouse came up with a system used to generate, transmit and use alternating current using his magnetic fields. This spurred up the rivalry between Tesla and Edison where he dismissed teslas idea by saying that his ideas were splendid but impractical (Fadel, 2007, 220). Tesla had a better understanding of mathematics than Edison who was just an experimenter hence understood nothing about alternative current. Certain factors prompted the adoption alternating current, including the then high cost of direct current as well as the effectiveness of alternating current. The war of currents finally came to an end when Edison left from the electric power business and also realized the superiority of the alternating current( Gore,2006,89). All power companies had adopted the use of alternating current even his company. After the end of the current battle, the alternating current took over about 75% of electrical business in the United States. In conclusion, adopting both alternating and direct current was a great milestone in the energy sector. Combining these two currents gave a complete cycle of electromotive force which yields higher electrical energy compared to individual types of current. References Gore, A., An Inconvenient Truth,2006. Fadel, CMK (2007), Integration of Solar Energy in Rural Electrification in Senegal, UCAD, Dakar, Senegal. Kruger, P., Alternative Energy Resources: The Quest for Sustainable Energy, Wiley, New Jersey, USA (2006). jayneryan1999http://www.blogger.com/profile/01135484533079884858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1180826341314008334.post-34250726531266480162020-04-19T11:19:00.001-07:002020-04-19T11:19:04.424-07:00Report on International Development Executive Summary The country of Syria ââ¬Å"is an Asian country located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan and Palestine to the south, the Mediterranean Sea and Lebanon to the west (Benn 2010 p. 138). Some people like to refer to it as the Euphrates, famous from industrialization and civilization of Mesopotamia.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Report on International Development ââ¬â Syria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Syria is in the headlines currently for all the wrong reasons one may say. These reasons are based on the riots to demonstrate about the politics of the country and the struggle for ââ¬Ëdemocracyââ¬â¢. Devlin indicates that, ââ¬Å"The People and Their Culture Syria is a Muslim society, that is to say, six out of seven Syrians identify themselves as Muslimsâ⬠(1983 p. 25). And the ââ¬Å"Syrians still resent th e loss of so many lands and peoples formerly associated with their country. Syriaââ¬â¢s people are mostly Arabs, and the major religion is Islam, although there are other ethnic and religious minoritiesâ⬠(Morrison and Woog, 2008 p. 16). Once a revolution is experienced in a state, there may be many reasons for that to happen. One may be able to emancipate people from political tyranny or poor state of the country. Whichever the reasons are, this paper examines why Syria is classified as a developing country. The World Bank definition of developing countries includes all low income and middle income countries (except economies with a population of less than 30000), including countries in transition (Ross and Harmsen, 2001 p.4). The question then should be, is Syria a developing economy country or is it developed? The paper tries to examine the situation in the country focusing mainly on the status of its economy and why the country is a developing country. Statement of the P roblem In the recent past, Syria has hit the headlines because of its security situation. The security situation became worse because of the uprising popularly known as the Arab uprising which hit countries like Libya, Morocco, Egypt and now Syria which are Arab countries. It is rare for the masses to rise against their governments in protest. Uprising usually comes in when people realise they are being oppressed or have been made political slaves of a given family lineage. The situation in the Arab countries has been associated with long serving heads of state. With the world economy dwindling and food prices escalating, the masses have experienced inflation in their houses. Generally, people are facing extreme conditions and the gap between the rich and the poor is widening which may make people to revolt.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Considering the situation in Syria , what would be the state of the economy of Syria? Developing, underdeveloped and developed countries are the terms used to explain the economic status of a country. The characteristics which are common to these countries are specified by the definition itself. Poverty, income and accumulated capital backwardness in technique by the standards of North America, Western Europe and Australia. But even with respect of these characteristics, there are big differences between the under developed countries and the rich under developed countries and is close to the poorest advanced country (Perthes, 2004 p.4). The state of the economy of one country as compared to the other determines whether it will trade competitively. The economic growth of a country as well depends mainly on the policies and legislation that encourages business activities while protecting the consumer. The work of the Central Bank to control the flow of money and curbing of money crimes is also very important. With this information, the basis of this study is set and the main point is to analyse and conclude that Syria is a developing country. It will also be important to analyse the actual state of the economy of Syria. In summative phrase, the main theme is to prove that Syria is considered a developing country. Objectives The main objective of this report is to explain why Syria is a developing country. To achieve this objective, it would be subdivided to more discrete objectives that can be quantified as follows: To find out the indicators of underdevelopment To find out the remedies put in place by the government in improving the state of the economy in Syria To find out the problems preventing the moving out of underdevelopment in Syria and why are the remedies are not being effected effectively What is the political will in the improvement of the economic status What are factors contributing mainly to the state of the economy in Syria As this report tries to sum up the objectives above, i t is proper to state that in Syria, ââ¬Å"a state agricultural policy also becomes more essential, now that the obstacles to expansion of the cultivated area have been removed by mechanization and water control it is time to think of better farmingâ⬠(Taheri 2002 p. 22). Perhaps these statements that may have been made years ago would have made sense now that the economy is far from a developed countryââ¬â¢s economy. Ethical Considerations on the Report The work reported in this work is purely based on the available information from academic and credible internet sources. The report is a collection of information trying to analyse the state of the economy of Syrian as indicated by the scholarly and other peoples work. The report is none biased to the best of the ability of the writer. However, some of the information may not be verified but the sources of the information are credible. Extreme care is to taken in giving fair reporting of the information and as accurate as po ssible. It would be awkward to imply religion, racial or even economic discrimination. The careful selection of the sources of information presented in this report gives it the credibility that may be desired.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Report on International Development ââ¬â Syria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other issues relating to copying someone elseââ¬â¢s work without person is well taken care of by citation and actual request for information. Otherwise, all information relating to information rights were strictly adhered to. The work is also presented in a way that does not prejudice the Syrian people in any way. The Economic Status as Indicated by World Bank Economy (2010) GDP $59.4 billion Real growth rate (2010) 3.0%. Per capita GDP (2010) $2,893. Natural resources Petroleum, phosphates, iron, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower. Agricu lture Productsââ¬âwheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas, olives, sugar beets, and other fruits and vegetables; beef, mutton, eggs, poultry, and other dairy products. Arable landââ¬â33%. Industry: Typesââ¬âpetroleum, textiles, pharmaceuticals, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, cement, oil seed extraction, and car assembly. Trade: Exports (2010 est.)ââ¬â$12.84 billion: crude oil, minerals, petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, cotton fibre, textiles, clothing, meat and live animals, wheat. Major markets (2007)ââ¬âItaly 22%, France 11%, Saudi Arabia 10%, Iraq 5%, Egypt 4%, Jordan 4%. Imports (2008 est.)ââ¬â$17.2 billion f.o.b.: machinery and transport equipment, electric power machinery, food and livestock, metal and metal products, chemicals and chemical products, plastics, yarn, and paper. Major suppliers (2007)ââ¬âRussia 10%, China 8%, Saudi Arabia 6%, Ukraine 6%, South Korea 5%, Turkey 4%. In 2010 the European Union (EU) was Syriaââ¬â¢s biggest trading partner, accounting for 22.5% of Syrian trade, followed by Iraq (13.3%), Saudi Arabia (9%) and China (6.9%.) Turkey was in fifth place with 6.6% and Russia was ninth with 3%. *according to International Monetary Fund (IMF 2010) statistics The data above shows the average transactions in terms of the economic activities being carried out by the Syrian people in income generation. These factors generally explain the state of the economy. The relationship between exports and economic growth, including the direction of causality between the two variables has been a subject of much debate in the international economics literature over the past two decades (Kaushik, Arbenser and Klein 2008 p. 155). It is vividly clear that the relationship between imports and exports of a particular country mainly determines the state of the economy. Despite this fact, other players may come like the ability of the citizens to afford basic needs like food, cloth ing and shelter. From the above report of World Bank, it is clear that Syria is a developing country. According to Benn (2010, p.8), ââ¬Å"in its extreme form, it is characterized by lack of basic human needs such as adequate and nutritious food, clothing, clean water and health services.â⬠Agba et al (2009, p. 1) believe that poverty is a state where people lack basic human commodities which are inadequate food, clothes and housing. If the poverty level of a country is that one that 20% or more people are living below the poverty line then, even if the country has a balanced importation versus exportation, it is terribly underdeveloped. When we look at the economic indicators in comparison with the population, an assumption that one can make is that the country is a middle economy country. A middle economy country is a country that is developing at a very high rate per year. The Syria crisis could be a deterrence of the growth. The installation of proper development policies that encourage investment both local and international would be a brilliant thing that any government must do. Another thing is that the government must be in a position to work ways of increasing exports in other goods other than petroleum products and tourism so as to encourage foreign income.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The World Bank (2012) classifies countries using some Criteria. According to World Bank (2012), ââ¬Å"Economies are divided according to 2010 GNI per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method.â⬠The groups are classified as; low income, $1,005 or less; lower middle income, $1,006 ââ¬â $3,975; upper middle income, $3,976 ââ¬â $12,275; and high income, $12,276 or more (ââ¬Å"Dataâ⬠2012). From the assumption, Syria is a developing economy. Array of Indicators What would be the indicators of underdevelopment in Syria? A nation that is developing is defined as country whose cumulative average income is much below that of industrialised states. Such economies are characterised by low volumes of exports and traditional agricultural techniques. Food supply in these countries does not meet the demands of the population. ââ¬Å"Developing nations have also been called underdeveloped nations,â⬠(Hirsch, Kett and Trefil 2102 pp. 316). Having this in mind, on e can be able to list the indicators of Syria as a developing country. From the IMF classification, it is evident that Syria is a middle lower income country. According to Syria Agriculture (2012), the following indicators are listed: ââ¬Å" Farming methods are crude: The average farmerââ¬â¢s reliance on out dated and inefficient irrigation methods is a major obstacle to improving agricultural outputs. The introduction of drip, sprinkler, and subsurface irrigation methods is handicapped because of the limited amount of money available to the common farmer. Because of these shortcomings, Syria is susceptible to food shortages during long droughts.â⬠The decline of oil reserves, therefore, casts a shadow of uncertainty on the sustainability of the current Syrian economic program as oil revenues decline, the government could be faced with hard times (Cavendish 2006 pp. 280). This kind of economic activity is serious pegged on the amount of the reserves that are available for export. The economy mainly depends on the oil industry but it is affected by extremist activities and terrorism. Sometimes the country has been put under economic sanctions which are not healthy. According to Sukkar (2006, p.33), ââ¬Å"Al-Utri attributed the moderate performance of the Syrian economy to eight negative factors which will be explored more fully in the subsequent analysis: Weakness in the performance of some economic sectors and low personal income Population growth pressures Dependency of export on declining oil production Small return on investment Low levels of national and foreign investments Low productivity and growing unemployment Low levels of wages and corresponding low levels of incentives Poor technical standards in the production sectors.â⬠The indicators listed above are characteristics of an unstable middle economy of the state of Syria. It is clear that if there is a problem in any economy in its production and labour channels, then one can conc lude that the economy is facing hard times in the economic development of the country. With the facts presented, it is evident that the economy of this country needs a number of remedies in order to forge forward and move away from a low middle income economy to a higher middle income economy as the oil reserves are getting depleted. Therefore, one can conclude that Syria is a developing country (United Nations Development Program, 2012). Remedies of the indicators of Underdevelopment In every situation a country gets into, there are avenues through which it can forge its prosperity ahead. This purely depends on the political will and the workmanship of the people of the country. The policies that will be designed and followed to the later will enable the country to do great things in economic development. Syria put in place such remedies to the obstacles of development in the country and are examined below. At times, the economic policies of a country do not rhyme with the demand o f its local market thereby, going against each other. This in turn makes it difficult for the government to go beyond its boundaries to look for foreign markets (ââ¬Å"AKDNâ⬠2012). The country is using development partners in wealth creation and foreign investments to increase employment opportunities which are not enough for the ever growing population. A high population may be a very good market for locally produced goods but if production is not sufficient, there is extreme pressure on the available products. That will cause an undesirable effect of high prices and occasional lack of commodities for sale. The increase in population should be looked at carefully and be controlled as much as possible with regard to the growth of the economy. For instance, ââ¬Å"the Aga Khan foundation introduced the Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED) and the Aga Khan Trust for Culture which are proposing investments that will combine tourism development with conservation and re- use of landmark monuments, rehabilitation of historic areas, urban planning, and wide-ranging socio-economic development to boost living conditions in historic areas and create new opportunities for residentsâ⬠(Aga Khan Development Network 2012). This may help in the improvement of the tourism sector which will increase employment opportunities in Syria. Talking about policies that affect both international and local business in the country is a thing that the government has been trying to do in order to make the country sail ahead. Simmers et al (2008, p.67) stated that, ââ¬Å"as indicated by the U.S. Library of Congress, spot shortages of basic commodities occurred frequently and industry operated far below capacity because of routine power outages. Foreign exchange reserves plummeted, the trade deficit widened, and real gross domestic product (GDP) growth fell as economic difficulties compounded. Although the government instituted limited reforms to respond to the burgeoni ng crisis, Syriaââ¬â¢s pressing economic problems required a radically restructured economic policy to improve future economic performanceâ⬠. It is clear that the policy makers and implementers have not thought of far reaching effects of the policies they make and try to implement. Its trade partners like Iraq have been in a series of crisis activities which have been making trade with its neighbours very difficult. It is recorded that Iraq that was under war had sanctions but since Syria is its neighbour, it was allowed to trade with it (Simmmers et al 2008, p.9). As it engaged in the trade of essential commodities, the country helped Iraq to smuggle oil to other countries which was against the sanctions that were put. This made Syria to be charged at the United Nations Security council and later, Iraq was attached and it lost because the pipeline they purported they were trying was destroyed. These and many more instability issues affected largely its endeavours in economi c policies hence, dragging it to be a developing economy (Aldosari 2002, p.6). Modernisation theory, ââ¬Å"sees economic development as a process by which traditional societies become more complex and differentiated, in order for economic development to take place, modernisation theory proposes that countries have to change their traditional attitudes, values and institutionsâ⬠(Andersen and Taylor 2007 p. 252). Syria however, did not embrace much change in its development. For instance, it did not open the internet services as fast and the telecommunication facilities were so much controlled by the government. If some of these ways of disseminating information cannot be liberalised so that people can communicate freely and effectively, a country may lag behind. A number of Syrians are Muslim extremists which mean that they had to conserve some values that may not be good for economic development. An example perhaps could be the fact that Muslim women cannot work in a bar woul d really affect the tourism sector in one way or another. Things like satellite TV, Facebook, twitter and other social networks were not allowed in the country. The information system was strictly controlled implying that there was no innovation or even copying from the outer world. However, since the effects of these restrictions were evident, the government allowed people to access social sites. In February 2011, Syria announced on a Wednesday that it would reopen access to social media sites like Facebook and Twitter. For the first time since 2007, Syrians were able to access these sites freely without going through proxy servers abroad (ââ¬Å"France 24â⬠, 2011). As the news spread, the internet activity was evident because people who were under restriction and had devised mechanisms of manoeuvring around found using the facility very easy. Some sites and blogs were never left open to the public. This may have been confused with westernisation which in their view is a bad t hing. The hate of the so called Western Culture would have influenced the thinking. This in itself indicates signs of a developing country. Analysis of the Alternative Perspectives Dependency In any country, the dependency ratio is very critical in its economic status. If the economyââ¬â¢s population is largely containing working youth with less people depending on them, the growth of the economy may be fast. The Age dependency ratio of the old (% of working age population) in Syria was last reported at 6.67% in 2010, and the age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) in Syria was last reported at 69.05 in 2010 according to a World Bank report released in 2011 (Trading Economics 2012). This indicates the population that depends on the working population is very high hence, a slow growth in development. If this wonââ¬â¢t change in a few years, then Syria may as well retard back to the low income economy rather than a developing economy that it is right now. Post Colonia lism Chaitaniââ¬â¢s goal is to show that the approaches to economic relations between Syria and Lebanon before and after independence did not necessarily follow the lines that one would have expected (2008 p. 268). He first lists three main groups of economic and political voices which are Syrian Arab nationalists, Lebanese Arab nationalists and Lebanese nationalists. These divisions within the Syrian people did not work well for the economy of the country. Some of them were seen to be detrimental to the economy of the country because of the extremistââ¬â¢s activities within the Syrian economy. It is clear that a divided nation with political agitation is not healthy to economic development but scares aware investments. Localism In plain words, localism is the use of political philosophies which prioritize the local, that mainly support local production and consumption of goods, local control of government, and promotion of local history, local culture and local identity. Clea rly, this is something that can affect trade directly in the Syrian Republic. Trade is something that must involve exchange of goods and services. Syria has to be ready to buy goods from countries it sells oil to. Critical Feminist Hooks indicates that, ââ¬Å"feminism is a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and exploitationâ⬠(2000 p. 1). For sure, the past was so blurred because any economic opportunity was mainly directed to men. This meant that women cannot do certain things in the society just because they are women. This has remained an issue in Syria for quite long because of the traditional and religious beliefs. Countryââ¬â¢s that embraced the feminism strategy surely realised changes in lifestyles because the number of dependants on the working was drastically reduced. For Syria, this is still a challenge. Religious Views Other factors that can affect the economy are things that people believe in and which define their way of life. Religion can be defined as the spiritual beliefs and practices of an individual (Simmers et al. 2008 p. 291). Religion obviously affects peopleââ¬â¢s way of life and their day to day activities. Some religious practices are backward whereas others enable people to practice moderation in all that they do which is a good thing. In Syria however, Islamic extremism has made the economy to have little or no progress at all. Conclusion In conclusion, it is clear that Syria is a low middle economy country referred to as a developing country. With its numerous economic issues like unemployment, classify it as an underdeveloped country. Its economy solely depends on oil production, tourism and commerce. Industrialisation is not coming out clearly. Another issue is that it has been in various political crises, its neighbours too have experienced political instabilities which has adversely affected its economy from time to time. Its implication of helping Iraq to smuggle oil outside the sanctions that had been pu t on them was a setback in its economic operations. Reference List Agba, M., et al 2009, Poverty, Food Insecurity and the Rebranding Question in Nigeria, Canadian Social Science, Vol. 5, No. 6,Pp., Canadian Research Development Centre of Sciences and Cultures. Aga Khan Development Network 2012. Web. Aldosari, A. 2002, Middle East, western Asia, and northern Africa, Marshall Cavendish, Singapore. Andersen, M. Taylor, H. 2007, Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society, Belmont, California. Benn, T. 2010, Muslim Women and Sport, Taylor Francis Publishers, New York. Cavendish, M. 2006, World and Its Peoples, Marshall Cavendish, New York, NY. Chaitani, Y. 2007, Post-Colonial Syria and Lebanon: The Decline of Arab Nationalism and the Triumph of the State, Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 19, no. 2, Tauris, London. Hirsch, E., Kett, J. Trefil, A. 2002, The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, New York, NY. Hooks, B. 2000, Feminism Is for Everybody: Passionat e Politics, Pluto Press, London. IMF, 2010, Syria, Journal on Syrian Arab Republic, Vol 167, International Monetary Fund Publication Services, Washington D.C. Kaushik K., Arbenser, L., Klein K. 2008, Export Growth, Export Instability, Investment and Economic Growth in India: a Time Series Analysis, The Journal of Developing Areas, Vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 155+, via ProQuest LLC. Morrison, J. Woog, A. 2008, Syria, 2nd Edition, InfoBase Publishing, New York. Perthes, V. 2004, Economic Challenges and Policy Responses. Web. Ross, D. and Harmsen, R. 2001, Official Financing for Developing Countries, International Monetary Fund Press, Washington, DC. Simmmers, A., et al. 2008, Diversified Health Occupations, 7th Edition, Cengage Learning, Clifton Park, NY. Sukkar, N. 2006, Pitfalls Along Reform Road, Oxford Business Group, Lebanon. Syria Agriculture 2012, Information about Agriculture in Syria. Web. Taheri, A, 2002, An Alternative Syrian Voice: Meet Nabil Sukkar, National Review Online Journ al, Vol 3, No. 2, Syrian Embassy. The World Bank 2012, How we Classify Countries. Trading Economics 2012, Age Dependency Ratio: Syria. Web. United Nations Development Program 2006, Human Development Report. Web. This report on Report on International Development ââ¬â Syria was written and submitted by user Hugo Mccarthy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. jayneryan1999http://www.blogger.com/profile/01135484533079884858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1180826341314008334.post-19913872561467939862020-03-15T01:02:00.001-07:002020-03-15T01:02:02.215-07:00Free Essays on LighthousesHISTORY OF LIGHTHOUSES Lighthouses, a lighthouse by definition is a structure that produces and projects light by night, and serves as a visual marker during the day. They are used by ships traveling coastal waters to mark the entrances to harbors, and warn of rocky ledges or reefs. They can also be a simple visual reference that land is near, and to be aware of the dangers that go along with this. Lighthouses are not simple beacons, they differ from a simple beacon in that they provide living space for a light keeper, although this does not hold completely true today. Many modern lighthouse are now equipped with automatic electronic lights that do not require a full time light keeper. In this paper I will talk about the history of lighthouses, their technology and how it has advanced, and look at some historical lighthouses of the past and present. Lighthouses have been around for a very long time, in fact they can be traced back to before the time of Christ. As far as I could find the earliest known reference to a lighthouse was in Homers Iliad back in 1200 B.C. They where constructed by the Romans in several harbors, as far away from Rome as Dover in Britain. One of the Romans most famous lighthouses was built in 1161 in Genoa. This lighthouse was manned in 1449 by Antonio Columbus, the uncle of Christopher Columbus. Major lighthouse construction did not start to happen in modern times until the 17th century. Before that time, most lighthouses were just harbor lights there to serve as homing beacons, so that boats could safely find their way into port. However beginning in the 17th century, as sea travel began to increase, major coastal lighthouses were constructed to warn of dangerous rocks, reefs, and currents. In the 18th century twelve lighthouses were constructed in Britainââ¬â¢s American colonies. The first was built in 1716 in Boston Harbor. Nearly 1,000 lighthouses where built in the United States by 1900. Although... Free Essays on Lighthouses Free Essays on Lighthouses HISTORY OF LIGHTHOUSES Lighthouses, a lighthouse by definition is a structure that produces and projects light by night, and serves as a visual marker during the day. They are used by ships traveling coastal waters to mark the entrances to harbors, and warn of rocky ledges or reefs. They can also be a simple visual reference that land is near, and to be aware of the dangers that go along with this. Lighthouses are not simple beacons, they differ from a simple beacon in that they provide living space for a light keeper, although this does not hold completely true today. Many modern lighthouse are now equipped with automatic electronic lights that do not require a full time light keeper. In this paper I will talk about the history of lighthouses, their technology and how it has advanced, and look at some historical lighthouses of the past and present. Lighthouses have been around for a very long time, in fact they can be traced back to before the time of Christ. As far as I could find the earliest known reference to a lighthouse was in Homers Iliad back in 1200 B.C. They where constructed by the Romans in several harbors, as far away from Rome as Dover in Britain. One of the Romans most famous lighthouses was built in 1161 in Genoa. This lighthouse was manned in 1449 by Antonio Columbus, the uncle of Christopher Columbus. Major lighthouse construction did not start to happen in modern times until the 17th century. Before that time, most lighthouses were just harbor lights there to serve as homing beacons, so that boats could safely find their way into port. However beginning in the 17th century, as sea travel began to increase, major coastal lighthouses were constructed to warn of dangerous rocks, reefs, and currents. In the 18th century twelve lighthouses were constructed in Britainââ¬â¢s American colonies. The first was built in 1716 in Boston Harbor. Nearly 1,000 lighthouses where built in the United States by 1900. Although... jayneryan1999http://www.blogger.com/profile/01135484533079884858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1180826341314008334.post-43448686564331745462020-02-27T15:27:00.001-08:002020-02-27T15:27:03.447-08:00Marketing of Adventure tour in Cairns, Australia CourseworkMarketing of Adventure tour in Cairns, Australia - Coursework Example A competitor analysis is a managerial strategy that assesses the strengths and weaknesses of competitors thus enabling the business to identify market gaps and capitalize on them so as to guarantee its own success. However, most business people do not conduct this kind of market assessment using the correct procedures thus resulting in many enterprises operating on outdated market information that may not hold the exact market situation at the current date (Oster, 1999). Moreover, competitor analysis is an essential tool in business management since it provides the business with the appropriate information about its competitors. The business would therefore capitalize on its competitorsââ¬â¢ weaknesses to be the leader in its line of business. Staying a head of competition is an essential business goal that each individual company should employ for successful operation. Diversification of operation is an important strategy to manage stiff competition. Passion of paradise among other competitors that quicksilver cruiser faces offer a relatively limited range of products and thus the fact that quicksilver cruises offers a wide range products keeps it ahead of competition. Quicksilver Cruise is the largest scuba diving offering company in Australia and this can be attributed to its reduced price and efficient tour offers that are appealing to most tourists. However, it is worth noting that the sector is very competitive and proper advertising techniques should be employed so as to popularize the company. jayneryan1999http://www.blogger.com/profile/01135484533079884858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1180826341314008334.post-77562332268672221752020-02-11T08:14:00.001-08:002020-02-11T08:14:03.385-08:00Study of chemical vapor deposition CVD grown transparent conducting DissertationStudy of chemical vapor deposition CVD grown transparent conducting oxides (TCO) - Dissertation Example The results show that samples AGC-U and TEC 8 are both fit for use as semiconductor materials though the electrical conductivity of TEC 8 is better than that for AGC-U. Moreover when it comes to samples 198-219 the electrical properties (such as sheet resistance, mobility, resistivity and carrier concentration) tend to change as the doping levels are varied. The best electrical properties can be attributed to Sample 200 (with a doping level of 0.6 M) as it has the highest conductivity. It was also found out that fluorine doped samples had higher resistivity and that the mean transmission and mean reflection change as the doping levels of fluorine are changed. The mean transmission varies between 46.95% and 63.21% while the mean reflection varies between 2.21% and 4.25%. Sample 198 had the highest transmission while Sample 213 had the lowest transmission and reflection. It was also found out that the peak position did not vary as the levels of fluorine doping were changed. However the intensity (Lin count) tends to change as fluorine doping levels are changed. Sample 213 (0 M) had the lowest intensities while Sample 198 (0.4 M) had the highest peak. jayneryan1999http://www.blogger.com/profile/01135484533079884858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1180826341314008334.post-9658995666680230082020-01-31T06:28:00.001-08:002020-01-31T06:28:02.332-08:00Marketing is more than selling and promotion Essay Example for Free Marketing is more than selling and promotion Essay The primary concern or objective of marketing is to identify and satisfy, or exceed the changing needs of customers. In view of this broad concern of marketing, it can be seen that the concept of marketing summarizes many activities in a business. Marketing, in fact, refers to any activity undertaken by a firm that has been designed to plan, price, promote and distribute ideas, goods and services to target markets. These marketing activities were executed in order to create an exchange and sales that will result in the achievement of the proprietors individual goals and the firms goals, both in the short-term and the long-term. It is then obvious that marketing forms an integral component of any businesss operations. In particular marketing activities attempt to increase a firms revenue base, by showing the importance of attracting potential customers in target markets to purchase the firms products in order to satisfy their wants, rather than those of firms competitors. Consequently, the marketing directly contributes to the attainment of the financial goals of the firm. Hence, the success of a firm is reliant upon the extent to which it is able to identify, and satisfy the customers needs more effectively. Marketing as an activity that involves several features, all of which are presented during the course of the marketing process. Such features include, firstly and most importantly, that marketing is a long process that begins with the creation of an idea and ends up as product that will be sold to satisfy a customers needs. Secondly, marketing is seen as a managerial process as it involves making managerial decisions about the particular mix of product, price, place and promotion in a firm. Furthermore, marketing involves managers planning and ensuring that particular arranged activities are carried out, in order for the marketing plan to be successful. Finally, marketing is perceived as a way in which firms are able to satisfy the needs of customers, and in turn achieve their own business goals. Marketing provides the business with the ability to satisfy the changing wants of customers. In light of this, and the fact that businesses haveà become increasingly aware of the role that marketing plays in achieving success in the business, several approaches or philosophies to marketing have developed. There are different approaches to marketing, to help to define marketing and to show, how a specific marketing approach/s depends upon particular businesss marketing strategy and the type of product being marketed. Starting with a Marketing Concept, which believes that a customers need for satisfaction, is the economic and social reason for an organisations existence. This approach requires, that all of the businesss activities should be targeted towards meeting consumer wants, while at the same time meeting the organisations goals. In effect, this approach needs the firm to find out what the customer wants, and subsequently develops a product to meet these requirements and then sell it at a profit. Then the Production Concept should be considered. This approach states that the business will sell its product if it is both well made and affordable. Businesses utilising this method require management to focus on improving production techniques and cost structures of the business The Product Concept focuses on the quality, features, and performance of the product. Believing that if the product has more features or is of a better quality and performance compared to competitors, it will then gain greater sales it is defiantly less customer orientated. The Selling Concept concentrates on developing sales techniques and promotional activities in order to entice customers into buying an organisations product, whether they want it or not. Therefore this approach places direct emphasis on customers, but possibly not on their want-satisfaction. After all the Societal Marketing Concept which is the latest marketing approach, combines the main ideas of the marketing approach, that is, determining customer needs and satisfying the businesss goals, but also integrates social responsibility into the business. This social responsibility includes increasing environmental awareness, which may include tackling the problems of pollution and the exploitation ofà non-renewable resources. Modern day businesses are under pressure to adopt this marketing approach, in order to become more socially responsible. This approach not only focuses on fulfilling the customers want-satisfaction, but also satisfying society. These four approaches in particular show, that marketing is more than promoting and selling a product. They could be compared with the four P?s (product, place, promotion and price), which are normally used to describe the process of marketing. But the concepts of marketing, production, product, selling and society marketing give another view into the difficult and never ending process of marketing. jayneryan1999http://www.blogger.com/profile/01135484533079884858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1180826341314008334.post-61517288490560353312020-01-23T02:52:00.001-08:002020-01-23T02:52:02.096-08:00Combating Healthcare Disparities Essay -- Health care inequality raciaCombating Healthcare Disparities Disparities in healthcare are a real and urgent problem in our nation. There is indisputable data supporting the fact that disparities exist not only across different racial groups, but also across the cultural and economic stratification of our society. Moreover, there is even data showing disparities among each of these respective groups along gender lines. So what can be done about these disparities to assure that all patients receive equal and adequate care? Well, there are certainly many political and governmental changes or modifications that would go a long way towards narrowing the gaps in healthcare, but such changes are beyond the scope of this paper. Instead, I will focus on the steps that I, and all of my colleagues, can take independently to attempt to eliminate healthcare disparities in our own practice. There are countless contributing factors that might lead to disparate care in the setting of private practice. Aside from disparities that might arise from actual medical decisions made by the physician, there are many more, often quite subtle, factors which play just as important a role in contributing to disparate care. For instance, factors such as the choice of location for practice, billing and payment policies, and the hiring and training of staff, all play a significant role in either introducing or eliminating healthcare disparities. As we are primarily interested in eliminating the preexisting disparities in the system, this paper will attempt to offer practical, yet useful, suggestions of ways to decrease or, preferentially, eliminate disparities caused by each of the above contributing factors. The first, and most obvious, cause of healthcare disparities is actu... ... must realize that medical education varies dramatically from institution to institution and not all healthcare workers are aware of and/or have been educated about the disparities in our healthcare system and their causes. In this case, it is the responsibility of the providers who have been educated to, in turn, educate their colleagues and peers about the issue. A provider who has been educated about the problem, yet does nothing to help resolve it, has, in effect, wasted their education and knowledge. It is for precisely this reason that I will do my very best to assure that all of my coworkers and certainly my staff are educated about the issue and are aware of the possible ways to combat the disparities in care. It is only through education and awareness that these disparities can be resolved and I intend on doing my part to see that they are, indeed, resolved. jayneryan1999http://www.blogger.com/profile/01135484533079884858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1180826341314008334.post-83931947021904525582020-01-14T23:16:00.001-08:002020-01-14T23:16:04.046-08:00Administrative Management Theory Advantages and DisadvantagesSTRENGTH 1. It is the most comprehensive administrative management theory Henri Fayol's theory is extremely comprehensive as a way to deal with management techniques. It is also the most used because it has been provenà to work. Itââ¬â¢s being comprehensive as it covers justà about anythingà one might need to do in a management position to ensure success. WEAKNESSES 1. It is still based on humanà application The weaknesses to the theory are that it is still based on humans.As humans we are naturally going to makeà mistakes. The theoryà works onà the basis of having harmony among people in which unity forms to create a strong management team. However, whenà mistakesà are made it can undermine the entire strength of the team. Furthermore, if a person is found to be false and will notà admità it, more problems can ensue. This is the same weaknesses of any system that relies on humans to be in control given various factors like personality and thatà mistakesà can be made.2. Reliance on experience Many of the writers in the management developed their ideas on the basis of their experiences as managers or consultants with only certain types of organizations. For instance, Fayol's work came primarily from his experiences with large manufacturing firms that were experiencing stable environments. It may be unwise to general ize from those situations to others especially to young, high-technology firms of today that are confronted daily with changes in their competitors' products.3. Untested assumptions Many of the assumptions made by classical writers were based not on scientific tests but on value judgments that expressed what they believed to be proper life-styles, moral codes, and attitudes toward success. For instance, the classical approaches seem to view the life of a worker as beginning and ending at the plant door. Their basic assumption is that workers are primarily motivated by money and that they work only for more money.They also assume that productivity is the best measure of how well a firm is performing. These assumptions fail to recognize that employees may have wants and needs unrelated to the workplace or may view their jobs only as a necessary evil4. Unintended consequences Administrative management approaches aim at achieving high productivity, at making behaviors predictable, and a t achieving fairness among workers and between managers and workers, yet they fail to recognize that several unintended consequences can occur in practice.For instance, a heavy emphasis on rules and regulations may cause people to obey rules blindly without remembering their original intent. Oftentimes, since rules establish a minimum level of performance expected of employees, a minimum level is all they achieve. Perhaps much more could be achieved if the rules were not so explicit.My take is that when he talks about ââ¬Å"advantages and disadvantages of administrative managementâ⬠he is talking very specifically about administrative rule making authority.Most administrative agencies have little or no rule making authority (FBI, DOJ, BATF), these exercise purely executive power. Some have been given tightly constrained rule making authority.A few, such as the EPA have been given fairly broad rule making authority. That can be come a problem.ââ¬Å"Again, the complexities of m odern life that gave rise to the Los Angeles smog problem are well documented. The EPA and its regulations made my air healthier. I'd say that was being ââ¬Å"reasonableâ⬠.â⬠Yes, they were being reasonable back then. The stopped being reasonable some time around the mid 1990s. The problem is when their manager's salaries are determined by their budget and number of employees, how do you get them to recognize when it's time to stop? How do you get them to admit that while yes, continuing to enforce the existing rules is important, there is, as with all things, a point of diminishing returns where each new rule does more harm than good.REFERENCES1. http://www.vectorstudy.com/management_schools/classical_school.htm2. http://www.vectorstudy.com/management_gurus/henri_fayol.htm3.http://www.vectorstudy.com/management_schools/classical_school.htm jayneryan1999http://www.blogger.com/profile/01135484533079884858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1180826341314008334.post-32326971790178959092020-01-06T19:38:00.001-08:002020-01-06T19:38:03.436-08:00Defining the Concept of Self Essay - 1189 Words Who am I? There are many of us walking around trying to figure out who we are and what we stand for. Self-reflection can be conveyed in many different ways, using many different adjectives to describe the person we are. There are some who will give an honest description of oneââ¬â¢s self and then there is some who become delusional with the perception they want others to see. Most people on social sites create a profile which can be so far from whom they really are, it is usually a perception of who they want to be. This paper will define the self, the concept of the self, the functions of the self, the core motives of the self, and how the core motives of the self relates to survival. The definition of the self can have a variety ofâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The inner self displays characteristics of emotions, beliefs, and who we are and what we are made of. The inner self is a reflection of how the self relates to the society and the way one expresses concern for specific issues. The interpersonal self is a connection one develops between two parties. The interpersonal self is a unique description of who we are and who or what we want to become. The self will choose a career path built on the personality of the self. The interpersonal self is a defined description of who people perceive to be and become. The self-perception of how someone previews themselves is determined by self-concept, self-esteem, and self-presentation. Self ââ¬âconcept is a cognitive component of oneââ¬â¢s self. It helps to define the intellectual focus and beliefs of the self. Self-concepts consists of oneââ¬â¢s self schema, which is a combination of self-esteem, self-knowledge, and the social self which creates a formation of oneââ¬â¢s completed wholesome self. The outlook of oneââ¬â¢s self schema is a representation of who the person is and what they want to become. Self-schema gives a general idea the personââ¬â¢s past, present, and their future. The perception of oneââ¬â¢s self schema is to become a better person than they have been in the past. Self-esteem is a trait people have to determine how they value themselves and how valuable they can be to the world and others. Self-esteem plays a big part in relationshipsShow MoreRelatedHow Patient Advocacy Is Perceived By Professional Nurses Essay1403 Words à |à 6 PagesThe purpose of this concept analysis is to identify, focus, and refine how patient advocacy is perceived by professional nurses in the nursing community. This paper will follow the Walker Advant (2011) method of concept analysis to identify the concept of patient advocacy from existing literature with the aim to analyze and provide clarity and direction for enhancement of advocacy in nursing. 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The jayneryan1999http://www.blogger.com/profile/01135484533079884858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1180826341314008334.post-62654766098774092282019-12-29T16:03:00.001-08:002019-12-29T16:03:02.657-08:00Essay on American Red Cross Ethical Struggles - 3182 Words Assignment 1 ââ¬Å"The American Red Crossâ⬠Chantill Toyer Strayer University HRM522 Ethical Advocacy for HR Professionals Dr. Jeanette Horner-Smith October 26, 2014 ABSTRACT Whether you open a business or a nonprofit organization one has to have a vision and mission for that organization. An organizational mission is the goals one is aiming towards. The mission of the American Red Cross (ARC) is to ââ¬Å"prevent and alleviate human suffering in the face of emergencies by mobilizing the power of volunteers and the generosity of donorsâ⬠(American Red Cross, 2014). However, there are documented and undocumented times when an organization does not abide by the values andâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦It plays important roles in society by placing public service above profit. They use a network of donors, volunteers and employees around the world to relieve suffering by servicing five areas: disaster relief, blood donations, providing support for American military families, providing health and safety services and giving support through international humanitarian services. Although they exist as a not-for-profit enterprise, business ethics are still es sential to the success of any organization. The American Red Cross has received the highest ethical performance from its employees and volunteers because they give a responsible to the society (American Red Cross, 2011). In September of 2011 terrorists attacked the World Trade Center and The Pentagon. Almost 3,000 people die and more than 6,000 were injured and in need of help. The American Red Cross raised more than 500 million dollars in response to the 9/11 attacks. There was a problem because they only distributed 154 million dollars in aid. The question than became where the money went. The American Red Cross claimed the money that was donated went into a big pool of money that was distributed by the companyââ¬â¢s corporate governance (The Socialist Worker, 2005). In addition, The American Red Cross urged people to donate blood even though the blood was not needed at that time and a good amount of it was destroyed. In the end, The American criticized by theShow MoreRelatedA Brief Biography of Lewis W. Hine1279 Words à |à 5 Pagesexperiencing it first-hand. He soon studied at the University of Chicago, through 1900-07. Later, he taught at the School of Ethical Culture. Hine first learned hi s way with the Glaflex camera in 1903 and nourished his techniques, not with political issues or favorable nature, but with the superficial aspect of America. 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Southland takes its readers on a journey through a history full of trials and tribulations, with Los Angeles jayneryan1999http://www.blogger.com/profile/01135484533079884858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1180826341314008334.post-84725066797886451942019-12-21T11:51:00.001-08:002019-12-21T11:51:02.868-08:00John Locke and Commercial Capitalism - 1697 Words Political philosopher John Locke ideas and theories serve as a foundation in our democratic world. In the Second Treatise of Government sovereignty is placed in the hands of the people. Locke argues that everyone is born equal and has natural rights in the state of nature. He also argues that men have inalienable rights to life, liberty and property. The central argument around the creation of a civil society was with the protection of property. In this essay I will explain Lockes theory of property and how it is not anything other than a thinly disguised defense of bourgeois commercial capitalism. This statement is defended through Lockes personal background and his justifications for the inequalities of wealth. Locke did notâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Also, if one person sells his labour to another he becomes property of that person, Ãâ¦the turfs my servant has cutÃ⦠become my property (Locke à §20). Locke also discusses the limitations on private property. One must leave enough for others and take only as much as one can use (Locke, à §33). He then applies this to acquiring land. Locke writes, As much land as a man tills, plants, improves, cultivates, and can use the product of, so much is his property. He by his labour does, as it were, inclose it from the common. Nor will it invalidate his right, to say every body else has an equal title to it; and therefore he cannot appropriate, he cannot inclose, without the consent of all his fellow-commoners, all mankindÃâ¦.God and his reason commanded him to subdue the earth, i.e. improve it for the benefit of life, and therein lay out something upon it that was his own, his labour (Locke, à §32). Even though there are limitations, this paragraph shows how one can acquire a significant amount of private property. If one is extremely efficient and productive there will be a surplus of products that can be used. Since it is a sin to let products go to waste, Locke creates a system of barter. However a system of barter is not an efficient system. The value of items would be hard to determine. Therefore, Locke suggests a monetary system with a little piece of yellow metal, which would keep without wasting or decay, should be worth aShow MoreRelatedEssay about European Expansion Moves to the New World1653 Words à |à 7 PagesThus in the beginning all the World was America. Interestingly, the development of Lockes ideas of property and money came at a time when Europeans expansion into the New World was just beginning to take hold (source). The very definition of economic imperialism is that countries expand their territories to collect resources in order to garner economic profit . The more robust economies tend to become the most powerful nations, and so the control of resources is sought out in order to monopolize bothRead MoreJohn Locke s Influence On The United States1162 Words à |à 5 PagesJohn Locke was one of the most revolutionary political thinkers of the seventeenth century, and possibly of all time. 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Several voyages were initiated along the African coast by Henry the Navigator that facilitated in the diffusion of the false notions and propaganda that had obstructed jayneryan1999http://www.blogger.com/profile/01135484533079884858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1180826341314008334.post-58883373268915647272019-12-13T08:22:00.001-08:002019-12-13T08:22:05.079-08:00Growth Monitoring Of Preterm Infants Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays string(382) " failure at 36 hebdomads corrected gestational age: \( 1 \) weight lt ; 10th centile, \( 2 \) weight lt ; 3rd centile, \( 3 \) omega mark difference from birth gt ; 1 and, \( 4 \) omega mark difference from birth gt ; 2 ; were compared for their prognostic values and strength of association with inauspicious neurodevelopmental results at 18-24 months\." Monitoring growing is of import in preterm babies as they are at a high hazard for postpartum growing limitation and impaired long term growing and neurodevelopment. In the absence of better charts, intrauterine growing charts recommended by taking professional pediatric administrations can be used for supervising the growing of preterm babies. The purpose when caring for preterm babies is to at least fit the growing speed from published best postpartum growing charts and strive towards making ideal growing speeds from intrauterine growing charts. We will write a custom essay sample on Growth Monitoring Of Preterm Infants Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Fenton chart appears to be suited for supervising growing of preterm babies during their stay in the neonatal intensive attention unit ( NICU ) . Recently, Fenton charts have been updated utilizing the WHO 2006 charts for the 40-50 hebdomads ââ¬Ë station construct age group. Once a post-conception age of 40 hebdomads is reached, the WHO 2006 growing charts can be used for supervising on-going growing. The on-going ââ¬Å" Intergrowth-21st survey â⬠has the possible to get the better of the lacks of all current growing charts. It will enable the constitution of normative growing charts for supervising the growing of preterm babies during and beyond their NICU stay into early childhood. Care should be taken to avoid inordinate gimmick up growing which is associated with increased hazard of diabetes, high blood pressure, and fleshiness in ulterior life. Key points Growth charts are indispensable for deià ¬?ning wellness and nutritionary position and early sensing and direction of growing upsets in babies and kids. Growth monitoring is particularly of import in preterm babies as they are at a high hazard for postpartum growing limitation and impaired long term growing and neurodevelopment. A ââ¬Ëstandard ââ¬Ë chart that represents the ideal healthy growing of a population is normative whereas a ââ¬Ëreference ââ¬Ë chart that describes the population without doing claims about the wellness of its sample is descriptive in nature. In the absence of ideal growing charts, intrauterine growing charts are considered suited for supervising the growing of preterm babies until they reach term. In the absence of ideal charts, the WHO 2006 growing charts may be used for supervising the growing of ex-preterm babies. The International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium survey is designed to bring forth a set of international criterions ( normative charts for foetal growing, birth weight for gestational age and postpartum growing of preterm babies ) for clinical applications and supervising tendencies in populations. Perturbations in wellness and nutrition, irrespective of their aetiology, about ever affect growing ( 1 ) . Hence, growing appraisal utilizing growing charts is a utile tool for deià ¬?ning wellness and nutritionary position in kids ( 2 ) . Growth monitoring helps to better nutrition, educate the attention givers, and enables early sensing and referral for conditions manifested by growing upsets ( 3 ) . The most common measurings for measuring growing are weight, length/height, caput perimeter and organic structure mass index. Growth monitoring of preterm babies is even more of import because, as described below, many surveies have shown that ( a ) preterm babies suffer from postpartum growing limitation and ( B ) postnatal growing limitation is associated with long term inauspicious neurodevelopmental results. 1. Preterm babies suffer from postpartum growing limitation: 1.1 In a retrospective longitudinal cohort survey, Horemuzova et Al ( Sweden ) evaluated the physical growing of all babies born before 26+0 hebdomads of gestation and lasting to full-term age ( n=162 ) , admitted to the NICU of Karolinska Hospital between January 1990 and December 2002 ( 4 ) . Body weight was recorded daily, caput perimeter ( HC ) hebdomadally and length twice a month. The bulk of the babies showed a marked postpartum growing limitation for all growing variables with increasing divergence from the mention with age. At discharge from NICU, 75 % of those initially appropriate for gestational age ( AGA ) babies were below -2 standard divergence tonss for at least one of the organic structure size variables ( 4 ) . 1.2 In a retrospective cohort survey ( 5 ) , 101 kids with a BW aâ⬠°Ã ¤ 750g, born between 1996 and 2005 in the University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands, were followed until 5.5 old ages. Height, weight, occipital-frontal perimeter at birth, 15 months and 2 old ages corrected age and 3.5 and 5.5 old ages were measured. Between birth and 5.5 old ages catch-up growing in tallness, weight for tallness, weight and OFC was seen in 72.2 % , 55.2 % , 28.6 % and 68.9 % severally of the little for gestational age ( SGA ) babies. For AGA babies they found significant catch-down growing in tallness ( 15.4 % ) and weight ( 33.8 % ) . 2. Physical growing and neurodevelopmental results in preterm babies: 2.1. Association between postpartum growing during NICU stay and neurodevelopmental results: 1. Ehrenkranz et Al. ( USA, 2006 ) ( 6 ) assessed the prognostic value of in-hospital growing speed on neurodevelopmental and growing results at 18-22 months post-conceptional age among highly low birth weight ( ELBW ) babies ( 501-1000 g ) . Of the 600 discharged babies, 495 ( 83 % ) were evaluated at a corrected age ( CA ) of 18-22 months. As the rate of weight addition increased from 12.0 to 21.2 g/kg per twenty-four hours, there was lessening in the incidence of intellectual paralysis, Mental Developmental Index ( MDI ) lt ; 70 and Psychomotor Developmental Index ( PDI ) lt ; 70 on Bayley Scale of Infant Development ( BSID ) , unnatural neurologic scrutiny, neurodevelopmental damage, and need for rehospitalisation. Similar ià ¬?ndings were observed in relation to the rate of caput perimeter growing. They concluded that the growing speed during an ELBW baby ââ¬Ës NICU hospitalization exerts a signiià ¬?cant and perchance independent consequence on neurodevelopmental and gro wing results at 18-22 months of CA. 2. Franz ( Germany, 2009 ) ( 7 ) et al evaluated the neurological results of a sum of 219 of 263 ( 83 % ) long-run subsisters at a average corrected age of 5.4 old ages. Increasing SD tonss for weight and caput perimeter from birth to dispatch were associated with a reduced hazard for an unnatural neurologic scrutiny. 3. Shah et Al ( 8 ) ( Canada, 2006 ) aimed to place step of postpartum growing failure associated with long-run result in preterm babies born at lt ; 28 hebdomads ââ¬Ë gestation. Four steps of specifying postpartum growing failure at 36 hebdomads corrected gestational age: ( 1 ) weight lt ; 10th centile, ( 2 ) weight lt ; 3rd centile, ( 3 ) omega mark difference from birth gt ; 1 and, ( 4 ) omega mark difference from birth gt ; 2 ; were compared for their prognostic values and strength of association with inauspicious neurodevelopmental results at 18-24 months. You read "Growth Monitoring Of Preterm Infants Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Postnatal growing failure defined as a lessening in omega mark of gt ; 2 between birth and 36 hebdomads corrected gestational age had the best prognostic values compared to other postpartum growing failure steps. However, it was significantly associated with PDI ( p=0.006 ) but non with MDI ( p=0.379 ) . Postnatal growing failure defined by omega mark alteration influenced psychomotor but non mental undertakings in this cohort. 2.2. Association between post-discharge growing and neurodevelopmental results in preterm babies: 1 ) Ramel et Al ( USA, 2012 ) ( 9 ) reported that pre- and post-discharge additive growing suppression in really low birth weight ( VLBW: Birth weight lt ; 1500g ) babies was negatively associated with developmental results at 24 months CA. In their retrospective survey, weight, accumbent length and caput perimeter were recorded at birth, infirmary discharge and at 4, 12 and 24 months CA in 62 VLBW babies. Standardized Z-scores for weight ( WZ ) , length ( LZ ) and caput perimeter ( HCZ ) were calculated. Twenty-four-month neurodevelopmental map was analysed as a map of growing position. Controling for WZ and HCZ at each age, lower LZ at 4 and 12 months CA was associated with lower cognitive map tonss at 24 months CA ( p aâ⬠°Ã ¤ 0.03 ) . 2 ) Ghods et Al ( 10 ) ( Austria, 2011 ) conducted a retrospective cohort survey to find whether caput perimeter ( HC ) catch-up is associated with improved neurocognitive development. 179 preterm really low birth weight ( VLBW ) ( Birth weight aâ⬠°Ã ¤1500 g ) babies were followed to the age of 5.5 old ages. The association between HC catch-up and neurodevelopmental result was assessed and perinatal hazard factors, infant features and nutritionary patterns associated with HC catch-up were determined. HC catch-up occurred in 59 ( 34 % ) babies and was positively correlated with neurodevelopmental result. They concluded that among preterm VLBW babies, there is a close relation between HC growing and neurodevelopmental result. 3 ) Powers et Al ( 11 ) ( USA, 2008 ) assessed the post-discharge growing and developmental advancement of 135 VLBW preterm babies in a preponderantly Latino population and reported that failure to boom and microcephaly increased neurodevelopmental damage hazard at 3 old ages of age regardless of gestational age. 4 ) Kan et Al ( Australia, 2008 ) ( 12 ) aimed to find the associations between weight and caput perimeter, at birth and postnatally, with cognitive, academic and motor results at age 8 old ages for really preterm kids free of neurosensory damage. 179 really preterm babies ( gestational age lt ; 28 hebdomads ) born in 1991 and 1992 who were free of neurosensory damage were included in the survey. At 8 old ages of age kids had cognitive, academic and motor appraisals. Weight and caput perimeter informations were collected at birth, at the clip of discharge ( weight merely ) , at 2 old ages of age and at 8 old ages of age, and growing limitation was calculated utilizing Z-scores ( standard divergence tonss ) relative to the expected mean for age utilizing the British 1990 growing mention charts ( 13 ) . Weight at any age was largely unrelated to any results. While caput perimeter at birth was non related to school-aged results, smaller caput perimeters at ages 2 and 8 old ages were as sociated with poorer public presentation in most outcome steps. Catch-up growing in weight in early childhood was non associated with 8-year results. 5 ) Latal-Hajnal ( Switzerland, 2003 ) ( 14 ) studied the significance of growing position at birth and postpartum growing on neurodevelopmental result in VLBW babies. Growth and neurodevelopment were examined in 219 VLBW ( lt ; 1250 g ) kids, 94 little for gestational age ( SGA ) ( lt ; 10th percentile ) and 125 appropriate for gestational age ( AGA ) ( gt ; 10th percentile ) . Result at age 2 was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development MDI, PDI and a standardised neurologic scrutiny. After accommodation for carbon monoxide variables including intellectual paralysis ( CP ) , SGA kids with weight lt ; 10th percentile at age 2 had lower mean PDI than SGA kids with catch-up growing to burden gt ; 10th percentile ( average [ SD ] , 89.9 [ 17.4 ] versus 101.8 [ 14.5 ] ; p lt ; .001 ) . AGA kids with catch-down growing ( weight lt ; 10th percentile at age 2 ) were, independent of CP, more likely to hold lower mean MDI ( 94.9 V 101.7, p=.05 ) and PDI ( 81.9 vs 95.1 ; P lt ; .001 ) than AGA kids staying gt ; 10th percentile at age 2. They besides more often had terrible CP ( 22.9 % vs 1.2 % ; p=.008 ) . They concluded that in VLBW kids, the class of postpartum growing instead than the rightness of weight for gestational age at birth determines later neurodevelopmental result. 6 ) Casey et Al ( USA, 2006 ) ( 15 ) assessed the 8-year growing, cognitive, behavioral position, wellness position, and academic accomplishment in low birth weight preterm babies who had failure to boom merely, were SGA merely, had failure to thrive plus were SGA, or had normal growing. A sum of 985 babies received standardised ratings to age 8 ; 180 babies met the standards for failure to boom between 4 and 36 months ââ¬Ë gestational corrected age. The undermentioned result variables were collected at age 8: growing, cognitive, behavioral position, wellness position, and academic accomplishment. Multivariate analyses were performed among the 4 growing groups on all 8-year result variables. Children who both were SGA and had failure to boom were the smallest in all growing variables at age 8, and they besides demonstrated the lowest cognitive and academic accomplishment tonss. The kids with failure to boom merely were significantly smaller than the kids with normal growing in all growing variables and had significantly lower IQ tonss. Those who were SGA merely did non differ from those with normal growing in any cognitive or academic accomplishment steps. There were no differences among the 4 groups in behavioral position or general wellness position. They concluded that low birth weight preterm babies who develop postpartum growing jobs, peculiarly when associated with antenatal growing jobs, show lower physical size, cognitive tonss, and academic accomplishment at age 8 old ages. 3. Types of growing charts A ââ¬Ëstandard ââ¬Ë chart represents the ideal healthy growing of a population and hence is of normative nature. To deduce such ideal healthy growing charts, the survey population should be from a cohort of babies born to healthy female parents with unsophisticated gestation and bringing. In add-on, the survey babies should be raised under optimum environmental conditions including breastfeeding, immunizations and follow recommended dietetic patterns. The survey babies should be free from any disease that could impede growing. Longitudinal follow up and measuring of anthropometry of such babies will assist deduce the ââ¬Ëstandard ââ¬Ë growing charts which will be of normative nature. The WHO 2006 growing charts ( term babies ) are standard growing charts. In contrast, a ââ¬Ëreference ââ¬Ë chart describes the population without doing claims about the wellness of its sample and hence is descriptive in nature ( 16-18 ) ( Table 1 ) . The ââ¬Ëreference ââ¬Ë charts are derived by mensurating the anthropometry of a sample of babies and kids at assorted ages and plotting them on graph. The sample is therefore cross-sectional instead than longitudinal. In add-on, wellness of the kids in the survey population is non taken into consideration. Majority of the presently available growing charts in full term babies and kids are mention ââ¬Ëcharts ââ¬Ë . 4. Types of growing charts presently available for preterm babies during stay in the neonatal unit. 4.1. Standard charts: At present, there are no normative criterion growing charts available for preterm babies. Theoretically talking, babies born prematurely should go on to turn at intrauterine rates until they reach term. The American Academy of Pediatrics ( 17 ) and Canadian Pediatric society ( 18 ) recommend intra uterine growing rates as the ideal growing of preterm babies. 4.1.1. Considered being, but non truly ââ¬Å" intra uterine growing â⬠charts ( Table 2 ) There are more than 25 surveies describing on ââ¬Ëintrauterine growing charts ââ¬Ë . These have been best summarized by Karna et Al ( 19 ) . Until late, Lubchenko ( 1963 ) ( 20 ) and Babson/Benda ( 1976 ) ( 21 ) charts were normally used in many neonatal units around the universe. Fenton et Al ( 22 ) updated the Babson and Benda growing charts to develop modern-day ââ¬Ëintrauterine growing charts ââ¬Ë . Using predetermined standards, three recent big population based studies of birth weight for gestational age were identified. The Canadian survey by Kramer ( 23 ) which had a sample size of 676,605 babies delivered between 22 to 43 hebdomads was used for updating the intrauterine weight subdivision. Two big surveies from Sweden ( 24 ) and Australia ( 25 ) were used to update the intrauterine caput perimeter and length subdivision. The informations were averaged together utilizing a leaden norm based on entire sample size to deduce the 3rd, 10th, 50th, 95th and 97th percentiles and make one growing chart. CDC 2000 growing charts were used to bring forth the growing charts from corrected gestation of 40 hebdomads ahead . The Fenton chart appears to be utile in supervising the growing of preterm babies during their NICU stay. It is used by many North American, European and Australian Centres. Recently Olsen et Als have published growing charts for New intrauterine growing charts based on United States informations ( 26 ) and it will be utile if Fenton charts are updated integrating this new information from USA. The latest updated Fenton charts have used WHO 2006 growing charts alternatively of CDC 2000 charts to bring forth growing charts from post-conceptional age of 40 hebdomads until 10 hebdomads post term ( personal communicating with Tanis Fenton ) . Built-in issues with intrauterine growing charts: Even though they are called ââ¬Å" intrauterine â⬠charts, they are in fact cross sectional informations derived from anthropometry measured at birth on preterm babies delivered at assorted gestations. It is good known that foetuss delivered prematurely may non hold reached full growing possible due assorted maternal/fetal morbidities and therefore make non reflect the ââ¬Å" ideal â⬠growing. Besides, these charts do non take into consideration, the normal 5-8 % weight loss that occurs in healthy preterm babies in the first hebdomad of life. 4.1.2 ââ¬ËFetal growing charts ââ¬Ë ( Table 2 ) Strictly talking, merely charts derived from longitudinal surveies should be called growing charts, growing being a procedure extended over clip ( 27 ) . Hence it may look logical that ideal ââ¬Ëintrauterine growing charts ââ¬Ë should be derived from consecutive and longitudinal appraisal of physical parametric quantities of weight, length and caput perimeter utilizing foetal ultrasound technique ( 28 ) . However, the drawback of this method is that foetal ultrasound is non really accurate in foretelling the foetal weight. A systematic reappraisal which analysed informations from 58 articles over 28 old ages found broad variableness in diagnostic truth of ultrasound scrutiny in foretelling the foetal weight. Overall merely 62 % ( 8895/14,384 ) of the sonographic anticipations were within 10 % of the existent weight. The truth was affected significantly by the clip interval between scrutiny and bringing, individual making the echography ( registered diagnostic medical sonographe rs had better truth than doctors or occupants ) , and the gestation at appraisal ( assessment closer to term were more accurate compared to preterm patients ) ( 29 ) . Another systematic reappraisal came to similar decisions. The referees searched four of import databases ( MEDLINE, EMBASE, ZETOC, and The Cochrane Library ) . Studies including the appraisal of foetal weight by 11 different research groups utilizing different expressions were included in the reappraisal. No preferable method for the ultrasound appraisal of foetal weight emerged from their reappraisal. They found that the size of the random mistakes was rather broad, with 95 % assurance intervals transcending 14 % of birth weight in all surveies. They concluded that the truth of EFW utilizing foetal ultrasound is compromised by big intra- and inter-observer variableness and attempts must be made to understate this variableness if EFW is to be clinically utile ( 30 ) . In add-on, maternal morbidities can ensue in foetal growing limitation, which in bend can ensue in non- ideal growing charts. In position of such restrictions, foetal weight charts derived from the presently available u ltrasound engineering may non be appropriate for usage as ideal postpartum growing of preterm babies. In position of such restrictions, foetal weight curves derived from the presently available ultrasound engineering are non appropriate for usage as ideal postpartum growing of preterm babies. However, recent progresss in engineering have resulted in more frequent usage of 3-D ultrasound for foetal biometrics measurings. Chan et Al. ( 2009 ) in a prospective survey compared the inter- and intra-observer fluctuation of foetal biometric measurings using planar ( 2D ) and 3-dimensional ( 3D ) ultrasound imagination ( 31 ) . Three braces of physicians trained in echography evaluated singleton gestations in the mid-trimester. Measurements of the biparietal diameter ( BPD ) , head perimeter ( HC ) , abdominal perimeter ( AC ) , and femur length ( FL ) were taken in extra by each physician utilizing 2D imagination and so once more utilizing 3D volume informations sets. Each set of mated phy sicians evaluated 12 patients. Inter- and intra-observer fluctuations were calculated as the SD of the difference between paired measurings performed by the physician braces and by the single physicians, severally. Bland-Altman secret plans were used to visually compare measurement prejudice and understanding by 2D and 3D methods. The intra-observer fluctuation of HC, AC, and FL was significantly lower for 3D compared with 2D ultrasound. Inter-observer fluctuation was non significantly different when measured with 2D and 3D ultrasound, with the exclusion of FL, which was lower when measured with 3D ultrasound. They concluded that the usage of 3D ultrasound significantly reduces intra-observer fluctuation for HC, AC, and FL and reduces inter-observer fluctuation for FL ( 31 ) . Schild et Al. ( 2008 ) in a prospective cohort survey, obtained biometric informations of 150 singleton foetuss weighing aâ⬠°Ã ¤1600 g at birth by sonographic scrutiny within 1 hebdomad before bringing ( 32 ) . Exclusion standards were multiple gestation, intrauterine decease every bit good as major structural or chromosomal anomalousnesss. Their new expression was compared with presently available equations for gauging weight in the preterm foetuss. They concluded that in foetuss weighing aâ⬠°Ã ¤1600 g at birth, the new expression utilizing 3D ultrasound is superior to burden appraisal by traditional expression utilizing 2D measurings ( 32 ) . These informations indicate that 3D echography may hold the possible to be a more accurate step of foetal anthropometry than the traditional 2D ultrasounds. If these preliminary promising findings are proved correct in multiple big surveies, intrauterine growing curves derived from such method may hold the possible to be used as ideal growing curves for supervising preterm babies after birth. 4.2 Postnatal ââ¬Ëreference ââ¬Ë Growth charts ( Table 2 ) Many mention charts that describe the existent longitudinal growing of preterm babies during the class of their stay in the NICU have been published ( 33, 34 ) . If these mention charts are used to supervise the on-going growing of preterm babies, extra-uterine growing deceleration would be considered as normal. Hence they are non ideal for supervising the growing of preterm babies. However, these charts give an thought of what can be achieved with the available resources and bounds set by the morbidities of prematureness and can be used to compare the growing of preterm babies between different units. 5. A note of cautiousness while taking to accomplish the perfect intrauterine growing rates Even though the intra uterine growing charts may look idealistic ends, one needs to make up oneââ¬â¢s mind if it is truly executable and safe to achieve those parametric quantities. Any efforts to advance physical growing by aggressive enteric and parenteral nutrition may potentially harm the ill preterm baby. Rapid additions in enteric eating are known hazard factor for necrotising enterocolitis ( NEC ) ( 35 ) . In ELBW babies, higher fluid consumption and less weight loss during the first 10 yearss of life are associated with an increased hazard of decease and BPD ( 36, 37 ) . In add-on inordinate gimmick up growing in early neonatal period for may ensue in inauspicious cardiovascular results later in life. Finken et Al ( 38 ) and Euser et Al ( 39 ) found that in topics born really preterm, rapid babyhood weight addition until 3 months was associated with tendency towards higher insulin degrees at 19 old ages. They besides concluded that rapid weight addition in both babyhood an d early childhood is a hazard factor for grownup adiposeness and fleshiness. Similar concerns have been raised by other research workers ( 40, 41 ) . 6. Growth charts to supervise preterm babies from post-conception age of 40 hebdomads into early childhood Until late, many states used the growing charts released by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC 2000 ) for supervising the growing of term babies and kids. The same charts are normally used for ongoing growing monitoring of preterm babies after making station ideational age of 40 hebdomads. The built-in job with the CDC 2000 and similar charts is that they are ââ¬Ëreference ââ¬Ë charts, which merely describe the sample population without doing any claims about the wellness of the sample. Because of assorted environmental and lifestyle influences, the prevalence of corpulence in kids and striplings has increased markedly over the past few decennaries. Hence, any new mention charts, which are derived from such population of fleshy kids, would accept these abnormally high weights-for-age as normal ( 42, 43 ) . Use of such charts would besides ensue in more kids being wrongly and often diagnosed as scraggy ensuing in unneeded nutritionary supplementation and may lend t o fleshiness and associated morbidities. To some extent, the CDC 2000 growing charts addressed this by excepting the informations derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES ) III for kids 6 old ages of age for weight-for-age and organic structure mass index ( BMI ) ââ¬â for-age charts. This was carried out because they had identified that compared with the NHANES II ( 1976-1980 ) , the NHANES III ( 1988-1994 ) kids were of higher weight-for-age ( 44 ) . Despite this accommodation, the 97th and the 99.9th percentile charts ( +2 and +3 z-scores ) are located really high on the CDC weight-for-age and BMI-for-age charts, intending that fewer corpulence and corpulent kids and striplings are identified as such because the norms have been raised. The lower centiles have besides been shifted upwards, taking to overestimate of under nutrition, and therefore advice taking to overfeeding ( 45 ) ; besides, safeguards that were taken by the CDC can non be confidently expected from countless figure of ââ¬Ëreference ââ¬Ë charts which are being published on a regular basis from different states all over the universe. To get the better of the jobs built-in with ââ¬Ëreference ââ¬Ë charts, with a complete alteration in doctrine, the World Health Organization ( WHO ) conducted the Multicentre Growth Reference Study ( MGRS ) in order to set up the ââ¬Ëstandard ââ¬Ë growing charts for kids between 0 and 6 old ages ( 46 ) . The MGRS was conducted between 1997 and 2003 in 6 states from diverse geographical parts: Brazil, Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and the United States. The survey combined a longitudinal followup of 882 babies from birth to 24 months with a cross-sectional constituent of 6669 kids aged 18-71 months. The survey populations lived in socioeconomic conditions favorable to growing. The single inclusion standards for the longitudinal constituent were: no known wellness or environmental restraints to growing, female parents willing to follow MGRS feeding recommendations ( i.e. sole or prevailing breastfeeding for at least 4 months, debut of complementary nutrients by 6 months of age and continued suckling to at least 12 months of age ) , no maternal smoke before and after bringing, single-term birth and absence of important morbidity. The eligibility standard for the cross-sectional constituent were the same as those for the longitudinal constituent with the exclusion of infant eating patterns. A lower limit of 3 months of any breastfeeding was required for participants in the survey ââ¬Ës cross-sectional constituent. Weight-for-age, length/height-for-age, weight-for-length/height and body mass index-for-age percentile and Z-score values were generated for male childs and misss aged 0-60 months. The pooled sample from the 6 take parting states allowed the development of a truly international mention. The criterions explicitly identify suckling as the biological norm and set up the breastfed kid as the normative theoretical account for growing and development. They besides demonstrate that healthy kids from around the universe who are raised in healthy envir onments and follow recommended eating patterns have strikingly similar forms of growing. In add-on, to set up ââ¬Ëstandard ââ¬Ë normative charts for older kids and striplings, the WHO reconstructed the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics ( NCHS ) /WHO growing mention utilizing state-of-the-art statistical methods. The 1977 growing mentions were used because they were from a population prior to the happening of the current epidemic of childhood fleshiness. These new charts were released by the WHO in 2007 for general usage ( 47 ) . These charts are recommendations for how kids should turn. More than 125 states including UK, USA, Canada and New Zealand have started utilizing the WHO growing charts for full term babies ( 48 ) . The full set of tabular arraies and charts are available on the WHO website ( www.who.int/childgrowth/en ) together with tools such as package and preparation stuffs. Since their publication, many surveies have shown the utility of WHO growing charts in foretelling fleshiness and other cardiovascular morbidities. De Onis et Al ( 49 ) examined the association between cardiovascular hazard and childhood corpulence and fleshiness utilizing the BMI cut-offs recommended by the WHO. Children were classified as normal weight, corpulence and corpulent harmonizing to the WHO BMI-for-age mention. Blood force per unit area, lipoids, glucose, insulin, homeostasis theoretical account assessment-insulin opposition ( HOMA-IR ) and uric acid degrees were compared across BMI groups. The topics were kids ( n 149 ) aged 8-18 old ages. About 37 % , 22 % and 41 % of kids were classified severally as normal weight, corpulence and corpulent. Corpulent kids were 10Aà ·6 times more likely than normal-weight kids to hold high blood pressure ; OR for other associations were 60Aà ·2 ( high insulin ) , 39Aà ·5 ( HOMA-IR ) , 27Aà ·9 ( TAG ) , 16Aà ·0 ( low HDL-cholesterol ) , 4Aà ·3 ( LDL-cholesterol ) and 3Aà ·6 ( uric acid ) . Fleshy kids were more likely than normal-weight kids to hold high blood pressure ( OR = 3Aà ·5 ) , high insulin ( OR = 28Aà ·2 ) , high HOMA-IR ( OR = 23Aà ·3 ) and high TAG ( OR = 16Aà ·1 ) . About 92 % and 57 % of the corpulent and fleshy kids, severally, had one or more hazard factor. They concluded that fleshiness and corpulence defined utilizing the WHO BMI-for-age cut-offs identified kids with higher metabolic and vascular hazard. Shields et Al ( 50 ) compared prevalence estimations of extra weight among Canadian kids and young person harmonizing to three sets of organic structure mass index ( BMI ) mention cut-points. The cut-points were based on growing curves generated by the WHO, the International Obesity Task Force ( IOTF ) , and the CDC ( USA ) . Prevalence estimations of corpulence and fleshiness were produced for 2- to 17-year-olds utilizing the three sets of BMI cut-points. Estimates were based on informations from 8661 respondents from the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey and 1840 respondents from the 1978/79 Canada Health Survey. In both studies, the tallness and weight of kids were measured. They found that 2004 prevalence estimation for the combined overweight/obese class was higher ( 35 % ) when based on the WHO cut-points compared with the IOTF ( 26 % ) or CDC ( 28 % ) cut-points. Estimates of the prevalence of fleshiness were similar based on WHO and CDC cut-points ( 13 % ) , but lower whe n based on IOTF cut-points ( 8 % ) . In the absence of other ideal growing charts, it is appropriate to utilize the WHO growing charts to supervise the on-going growing of preterm babies after making post-conceptional age of 40 hebdomads. 6.1 Evidence back uping the usage of WHO 2006 growing charts for supervising preterm babies after discharge ( Table 3 ) : Nash et Al ( 51 ) aimed to find whether the form of growing of really low birth weight ( VLBW ) babies during the first 2 old ages, assessed utilizing the WHO-GS or the traditional Centers for Disease Control and Prevention mention growing charts ( CDC-RGC ) , is associated with neurodevelopment ( 51 ) . Pattern of weight, length, and caput perimeter addition of appropriate-for-gestation VLBW preterm babies ( n = 289 ) from birth to 18-24 months corrected age was classified, utilizing the WHO-GS and CDC-RGC, as sustained ( alteration in Z-score aâ⬠°Ã ¤1 SD ) , decelerated ( diminution gt ; 1 SD ) , or accelerated ( incline gt ; 1 SD ) . Development was assessed utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development ( BSID ) -III at 18-24 months corrected age. Using the WHO-GS, kids with a decelerated form of weight addition had lower cognitive ( 10 points ) , linguistic communication ( 6 points ) , and motor ( 4 points ) tonss than babies with sustained weight addition ( p lt ; 0.05 ) , even after accommodation for morbidities. No association was found utilizing the CDC-RGC. They concluded that a decelerated form of weight addition, determined with the WHO-GS, but non the CDC-GRC, is associated with poorer neurodevelopment tonss on the BSID-III than a form of sustained growing ( 51 ) . Belfort et Al ( 52 ) aimed to place sensitive periods of postpartum growing for preterm babies relative to neurodevelopment at 18 months ââ¬Ë corrected age. They studied 613 babies born at lt ; 33 hebdomads ââ¬Ë gestation who participated in the DHA for Improvement of Neurodevelopmental Outcome ( DINO ) test. They calculated additive inclines of growing in weight, length, BMI, and caput perimeter from 1 hebdomad of age to term ( 40 hebdomads ââ¬Ë postmenstrual age ) , term to 4 months, and 4 to 12 months utilizing the WHO growing charts, and estimated their associations with Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd Edition, MDI and PDI in additive arrested development. The average gestational age was 30 hebdomads. Mean Aà ± SD MDI was 94 Aà ± 16, and PDI was 93 Aà ± 16. From 1 hebdomad to term, greater weight addition ( 2.4 MDI points per omega mark [ 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) : 0.8-3.9 ] ; 2.7 PDI points [ 95 % CI: 1.2-.2 ] ) , BMI addition ( 1.7 MDI points [ 95 % CI: 0.4-3.1 ] ; 2.5 PDI points [ 95 % CI: 1.2-3.9 ] ) , and caput growing ( 1.4 MDI points [ 95 % CI: -0.0-2.8 ] ; 2.5 PDI points [ 95 % CI: 1.2-3.9 ] ) were associated with higher tonss. From term to 4 months, greater weight addition ( 1.7 points [ 95 % CI: 0.2-3.1 ] ) and additive growing ( 2.0 points [ 95 % CI: 0.7-3.2 ] ) were associated with higher PDI. From 4 to 12 months, none of the growing steps was associated with MDI or PDI mark. They concluded that in preterm babies, greater weight and BMI addition to term were associated with better neurodevelopmental results. After term, greater weight addition was besides associated with better results, but increasing weight out of proportion to length did non confabulate extra benefit. 7. Future research As discussed above, neither ââ¬Å" intrauterine growing charts â⬠nor ââ¬Å" foetal growing charts â⬠nor ââ¬Å" postpartum growing charts â⬠are suited for supervising the growing of preterm babies till they become term. Similarly, CDC 2000 and WHO 2006 growing charts are besides non ideal for supervising the growing of ex-preterm babies. In order to set up normative growing charts, the Inter Growth 21st survey has been commenced by the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium ( 53, 54 ) . The end is to develop new ââ¬Å" normative â⬠criterions depicting normal foetal and preterm neonatal growing over clip and newborn nutritionary position, and to associate these to neonatal wellness hazard. The primary aim is to bring forth a set of international Fetal and Newborn Growth Standards ( foetal growing, birth weight for gestational age and postpartum growing of preterm babies ) for practical applications in clinical usage and for supervising tendencies in populations. The survey aims to enroll 4500 healthy adult females aged 18-35, who had regular catamenial rhythms and conceived spontaneously and do non hold major wellness issues and pattern healthy life styles. Study participant adult females are being recruited from 9 states across five continents. They undergo 6 scans in add-on to the initial dating scans. They are scheduled at 5 hebdomadal intervals: 14-18 hebdomads, 19-23 hebdomads, 24-28 hebdomads, 29-33weeks, 34-38 hebdomads and 39-42 hebdomads. Apart from the extra scans, they receive the standardised antenatal attention. Based on expected 9 % rate of prematureness, it is expected that around 360 babies would be born to these female parents ( 26-37 hebdomads gestation ) . Their longitudinal growing will be monitored for 8 months. This would include mensurating weight, length and caput perimeter every 2 hebdomads for the first eight hebdomads and so monthly until eight months after birth. Those enduring from decease or serious morbidities of prematureness such as NEC will be excluded. This will analyze will enable the derivation of normative intrauterine growing charts every bit good as postpartum growing charts from a diverse population across five continents. How to cite Growth Monitoring Of Preterm Infants Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples jayneryan1999http://www.blogger.com/profile/01135484533079884858noreply@blogger.com0